超低界面张力的二元驱油体系对水驱残余油启动和运移机理

针对三元复合驱含碱驱油体系引起地层黏土分散和运移、形成碱垢、导致地层渗透率下降,碱还会大幅度降低聚合物溶液的黏弹性,从而降低波及效率等问题,利用新研制的不加碱可形成超低界面张力两性表面活性剂,通过微观模型驱油实验,分析了聚丙烯酰胺/两性表面活性剂二元复合体系对残余油启动、运移的过程,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.研究表明:具有超低界面张力的聚表二元复合体系利用了聚合物溶液的黏弹特性和表面活性剂体系的超低界面张力特性,使采收率大幅度提高.残余油的启动主要以拉成油滴和油丝两种形式,在运移过程中,较大的油滴又形成更容易被驱替液携带的小油滴,从而使驱油效率提高.     

稠油油藏化学驱采收率的影响因素

采用烷基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐和羧基甜菜碱两类两性表面活性剂与碱复配构建具有不同界面张力特点的驱油体系,通过驱油试验评价不同体系对桩西稠油采收率的影响,采用微观驱替试验研究不同体系提高采收率的机制。结果表明:界面张力与采收率没有明显的对应关系;碱通过维持油、水、固三相接触点亲油性和降低油水界面张力,减弱驱替介质沿油与岩石之间的渗入,增强驱替介质从原油中心的突进和分散,提高驱替压力和波及体积;相比于碱和原油反应产生的表面活性剂,外加的表面活性剂亲水性较强,会增强固体表面的亲水性,导致驱油剂沿孔隙壁面突进;表面活性剂-碱体系与原油形成的细分散水包油型乳状液加剧了驱油剂的窜进,不利于提高波及系数;对于稠油油藏,化学驱体系的波及系数是提高采收率的关键因素。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系，通过流变性实验，分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物／表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响；通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验，分析了聚合物／表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响，研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理。结果表明，实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力，表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小。在驱替水驱残余油过程中，形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用，使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系，并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大，采收率越高。界面张力由10^-2mN／m降至10^-3mN／m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10^-2mN／m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响;通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.结果表明,实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力,表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小.在驱替水驱残余油过程中,形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用,使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系,并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大,采收率越高.界面张力由10-2 mN/m降至10-3 mN/m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10-2 mN/m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率.     

江苏油田三元复合驱研究

针对江苏普通稠油油藏水驱采收率低的问题,通过配方优化和岩心物模驱替实验,构建了适合区块原油的三元复合驱配方。首先通过动态界面张力评价,筛选出了具有较高界面活性的表面活性剂/碱体系;同时采用不同HLB值的表面活性剂复配,优化体系的亲水亲油平衡,获得了具有超低界面张力的二元体系。最后通过岩心驱替物理模拟实验,评价了碱/表二元复合驱、聚合物驱、三元复合驱的驱油能力。结果表明,对于普通稠油油藏,单纯碱/表二元体系由于无法提高波及系数导致其提高采收率能力较差,而三元驱体系可以兼顾波及系数与洗油效率,所以获得了较高的采收率,因此对于水驱稠油提高采收率的首要指标是提高驱油剂的波及效率。     

驱油体系和油层的相互作用浅析

三元复合驱是20世纪80年代中期提出的三次采油新方法。它是由碱/表面活性剂/聚合物复配而成的三元复合驱油体系,既有较高的粘度,又能与原油形成超低界面张力,从而提高原油采收率。     

磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究

为了提高驱油用表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力,以提高原油的采收率.合成了磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂,并将其与石油磺酸盐复合,采用tx-500界面张力仪测定了复合体系降低油水界面张力的能力.研究表明:当质量分数为1%时,磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合体系能降低油水界面张力至4×10-4～6×10-4 mN·m-1.磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的加入使得磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐之间产生协同效应,提高了原油的采收率.     

三元复合驱体系/大庆原油间界面张力研究

研究了彬表面活性剂／聚合物三元复合驱体系与大庆原油间形成低界面张力的特性。结果表明：在降低界面张力方面，碱与表面活性剂之间存在显著的协同效应。而聚合物与碱、聚合物与表面活性剂之间不存在明显的协同效应。本文还初步探讨了超低界面张力的形成机理，并研究了碱浓度、表面活性剂浓度对复合体系／大庆原油间界面张力的影响。     

耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系研究及应用

针对高温高盐油藏采用常规聚合物和表面活性剂驱油效果较差的问题,将耐温抗盐型聚合物SPAM-1和阴-非离子复合型表面活性剂YANC-E进行复配,研制了一种适合高温高盐油藏的耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系,并通过室内实验评价了驱油体系的综合性能。结果表明：该二元复合驱油体系的耐温性能较强,在115℃下老化后,体系的黏度保留率仍能达到90%以上,界面张力仍能达到10^-3mN/m数量级;体系具有良好的抗盐性能,当矿化度大于100 000 mg/L时,体系仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力;体系具有良好的长时间老化稳定性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下老化60 d后的黏度保留率在85%以上,界面张力始终维持在10^-3mN/m范围内;驱油体系与原油形成的乳状液稳定性较强,放置120 min后乳状液的分水率小于20%,具有较强的乳化性能;驱油体系在地层条件下吸附6次后仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力,具有良好的抗吸附性能。另外,岩心水驱结束后注入0.5 PV二元复合驱油体系,能使采收率继续提高25%以上,驱油效果较好。A区块内5口采油井在实施耐温抗盐强...     

BHJ型甜菜碱表活剂物理驱油实验研究

针对三元复合驱中碱的注入所带来的采出液处理困难以及对地层造成损害等问题,运用新型甜菜碱表面活性剂BHJ,论述了不加碱又能达到低界面张力聚合物／表面活性剂二元驱油体系性能。综合所有均质和非均质岩心的实验结果并通过分析,我们认为采用甜菜碱BHJ活性剂的无碱二元驱油体系驱油效果好于采用Ss的弱碱（Na2CO3）三元体系和采用Sy的强碱（NaOH）三元体系。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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