A new mechanism of invader success： Exotic plant inhibits natural vegetation restoration by changing soil microbe community

Since the 1950s of the last century, the exotic plant, Eupatorium adenophorum, has spread rapidly across southwest China, damaging native ecosystems and causing great economic losses. We examined the pH, N, P, K, and organic matter concentrations, and the bacterial community character (by Biolog EcoPlateTM) in soils from sites heavily and lightly invaded by this exotic species. Also, soil from the lightly invaded site was treated with a water extract of E.adenophorum roots to examine the effect of the plant on soil properties. We grew three plant species, one native and two exotic, in pot experiment using soil from heavily invaded site to examine the effects of the soil on these plants growth. The soil analysis demonstrated that the pH, organic matter, total N, total P and total K in soils from the heavily invaded site were only slightly different from those of the lightly invaded site, but concentrations of NH4^ , NO3^- and available P and K in the heavily invaded site were greater than those in the lightly invaded site. The catabolic activity of soil bacterial community in the heavily invaded site was different from that in the lightly invaded site. The catabolic activity of bacterial community in soils treated by the water extract of E.adenophorum roots changed and became similar to that in soils from the heavily invaded site. The pot experiment showed that the exotic plants growth in heavily invaded soil were not different from in lightly invaded soil; however, the native plant biomass decreased dramatically when grown in soil from the heavily invaded site as compared to soil from the lightly invaded site; and the same phenomenon was found when any potential allelopathic effects by E. adenophorum were eliminated by added activated carbon to those soils. Difference in soil nutrient availability and allelopathy could not explain this phenomenon of the native plant in the soils from the heavily and lightly invaded sites. Changes observed in the soil bacterial community were obviously related to native plant growth in those tow soils. Those results suggest that changing soil microbial community may be an important part of E. adenophorum invasion process. Since the soil microbial community serves as bridge in connection of exotic and natural plants, the exotic plant could inhibit the natural plant growth and reproduction by changing the soil microbial community in invaded site.     

广西里湖地下河水化学特征及其影响因素

【目的】岩溶地下水由于储量相对丰富,水质优良,是良好的供水水源。因此,揭示岩溶地下水水化学特征及其影响因素,能够为保护和利用岩溶地下水提供科学依据。【方法】以广西里湖地下河为研究对象,于不同季节对里湖地下河上游到下游的河水进行水化学分析。【结果】里湖地下河水主要阴离子为HCO-3,主要阳离子为Ca2+,水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型,影响水质变化的主要离子为Cl-,NO-3,SO2-4;各离子浓度从上游到下游变化不一致,总体呈现先升高再降低的趋势,季节变化体现在雨季离子浓度偏低,旱季偏高。【结论】地下水地球化学组成受控于碳酸盐岩的自然风化溶解;污染物质主要来源于人类活动的输入,降雨的稀释作用是影响水质季节性变化的主要原因,地下河自身存在的自净能力使得污染物浓度降低,尤其是甘田坝到小龙洞洞穴伏流段水体中部分污染物的浓度显著降低。     

Effect of Residue Mutation on the Electrostatic Potential in EcCIC

The effect of mutation of strongly conserved porelining residues in the chloride channel EcClC on the electrostatic potential and binding free energy of the chloride ion was studied using explicit protein-membrane structures. Electrostatic potential distribution and binding free energy of the chloride ion at different binding sites in the wild-type and mutated EcClC were calculated with APBS. The potential data reveal that the electrostatic potential around the selectivity filter, especially around the site Sext and Scen becomes more negative as the residue R147 was mutated to C147. The electrostatic binding free energy shows that the binding free energy of the chloride ion at all binding sites becomes more positive as R147 was mutated. It follows that mutation of R147 decreases ion stabilization at binding sites and affects channel＇s gating.     

Soil crevice formation and erosion in Yuanmou dry-hot valley, Yunnan Province, China

The basic characteristics, X-ray analysis and micromorphology of soil developed from the parent ruified soil had been probed, results showed that there were similarities among different types of the rubified soils. The soil clay (D<0.002 mm) contents (C _c ) were relative higher as between 29.16% and 80.03%. In addition, organic matter contents were lower as between 2.2–6.6 g/kg. The clay minerals in the rubified soils had high content of 2:1 type swelling minerals, e.g., smectite and vermiculite, which were the basic causes of formation of soil cracks and crevices. Soil micromorphology characteristics showed that microcosmic crevices universally distributed within the tight and compact soil microstructure were the microcosmic characteristics of crevices formation. The soil cracks and crevices changed the erosion process. Obviously, well developed soil crevice carries a significant connection with strong soil erosion in Yuanmou, Yunnan province, China. The term “soil crevice erosion” was coincided with the viewpoint put forward that soil crevice erosion played a dominant role in regional and violent soil erosion in this area. Foundation item: Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-409) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAC01A11)     

贵州威宁草海地区地下水化学特征与控制因素研究

运用数理统计、Piper图、Surfer软件对研究区地下水化学特征分析。结果表明:地下水化学组分以Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-为主,其次为Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-),TDS均值为519.34 mg·L~(-1),各离子含量由孟家山断层与威水背斜中间地带向两侧逐渐递减。运用Gibbs图、离子比例系数、相关性分析对研究区地下水化学的控制因素研究。结果表明:地下水化学离子组成受蒸发-浓缩作用和大气降水作用影响小,岩石的风化溶滤作用是水化学离子的控制性因素。以方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石[CaMg(CO_3)_2]为主的碳酸盐矿物、石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)等硫酸盐矿物以及盐岩的风化溶滤是区域地下水离子的主要来源,其中以方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石[CaMg(CO_3)_2]等碳酸盐矿物的风化溶滤作用最强。     

Effects of acetylene at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen concentrations in forest soils

Temperate forest surface soils at the varying distances from main trunks (e.g., Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica) were used to study the effects of acetylene (C₂H₂) at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass N concentrations of the soils, and to assess the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils. The use of acetylene at partial pressures within a range from 10 to 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas gave a significant decrease in N₂O emission at soil moisture of c. 45% water-filled porosity space, and the decrease was almost the same in each soil after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations. Heterotrophic nitrification could account for 21%―48% of total N₂O emission from each soil; the contribution would increase with increasing distances from the Pinus koraiensis trunks rather than from the Quercus mongolica trunks. Under the experimental conditions, the use of C₂H₂ at low concentrations showed no significant influence on soil microbial biomass N, net N mineralization and microbial respiration. However, 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas could reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soils. According to the rapid consumption of 10 Pa C₂H₂ by forest soils and convenience for laboratory incubations, 50 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas can be used to study the origin of N₂O emissions from forest soils under aerobic conditions and the key associated driving mechanisms. The N₂O and CO₂ emissions from the soils at the same distances from the Quercus mongolica trunks were larger than those from the Pinus koraiensis trunks, and both emissions decreased as the distances from trunks increased. The stepwise regression analysis showed that 95% of the variability in soil CO₂ emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total C and water soluble organic C and soil pH, and that 72% of the variability in soil N₂O emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total N, exchangeable NH⁺₄-N and microbial biomass N and 25% of the variability in heterotrophic nitrification by the soil microbial biomass N concentration. The emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from forest soils after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations were positively related to the net nitrification of the soils.     

Is the maximum carbon number of long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes an indicator of grassland or forest? Evidence from surface soils and modern plants

The molecular distribution of long-chain n-alkanes in 62 soil samples collected from diverse locations across eastern China was analyzed.The long-chain n-alkanes were mostly dominated by n-C29 or n-C31,regardless of the overlying vegetation type at each site.The results were compared with those summarized from the literature,covering more than 100 soil samples within China and more than 300 genera of modern plants distributed worldwide.There were similar n-alkane distribution patterns for most genera, with no clear differences among grasses,shrubs,and trees.The evidence from analyses of surface soils and modern plants indicates that the relationship between the molecular distribution of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and source vegetation is highly complex,and is influenced by many factors.Further,it is suggested that source vegetation types should not be simply inferred from distribution patterns of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments.     

Vegetation Landscape, Ecological Characteristics and Soil Fixation for Riverbank in Taiwan, China

This study is aimed to investigate and analyze the vegetation landscape around Rivers of Hou-lung, Fa-tz, Da-li, Ching-shuei and Gau- ping, and to select the suitable plant species that could be applied for the area of riverbank ecological engineering in Taiwan. Studying the vegetation established the key point and procedure of ecological engineering in the riverside and revetment, to compile and edit the dominant plants＇ types, life form, propagating method, root systems＇ characteristics and functions for soil conservation. This research choses three dominant plants for roots strength test. The fitting models of plants pulling resistance（Rp, kg） between plant height （H, cm）, diameter near ground （Dn, mm）, diameter above ground 100 mm （Da, mm）, The research finished the relative abundant, types and cluster analysis of riverbank dominant plants that generalize vegetative distribution and ecological restoration for different river types to apply and manage in Taiwan.     

Relations between the underground biomass and soil organic carbon and nitrogen of the alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

This article, by combining field investigation with laboratorial analysis, studies diverse alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for the underground biomass dynamics, vertical distribution of the content of soil carbon and nitrogen, the connection between the biomass and the content of carbon and nitrogen. The studies show that underground biomass in the herb layer of upland meadow is more than that in the terrace meadow, while underground biomass in the upland shrubland is the most. The vertical distribution of underground biomass of each type is obvious as in shape of＂T＂. As to the distribution of the content of soil organic carbon in the three sample grounds, it showed that the deeper the soil the less the content of soil organic carbon. In May, unlike at terrace meadow, the underground biomass and the content of soil organic carbon in positive proportion, such revelation at upland meadow and upland shrubland is not apparent. In July, at upland meadow and terrace meadow the underground biomass and the content of soil total nitrogen in positive proportion, such revelation at upland shrubland is not apparent either.     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon of alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A study on the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been carried out. The results indicate that the content of soil organic carbon (C _SOC) in the topsoil of terrace meadow (TM) ((67.16 ± 1.02) g·kg⁻¹) is more than that in the soil of upland meadow (UM) ((63.42 ± 0.65) g·kg⁻¹), while the C _SOC in upland shrubland (US) ((67.49 ± 0.83) g·kg⁻¹) is the most abundant in the scoreh stage (September). From May to September, the C _SOC in the topsoil of UM and US tends to descend, but that of TM tends to ascend. As for the distribution of the C _SOC and the density of SOC in the soil in the three sample areas, the data show that the deeper the soil, the lesser the content and density of SOC. The C _SOC in US is higher than that in TM and UM; the C _SOC in UM is the lowest at 0–10 cm soil depth. The density of SOC in US is always the lowest among UM, TM, and US at 0–40 cm depth, which shows that the storage of carbon in UM is more than that in US in the same range; the carbon pool capacity in UM is higher than that in US in the same range. Biography: ZHANG Wei (1979–), male, Lecturer, research direction: ecology of environment.     

Carbon sequestration within millet phytoliths from dry-farming of crops in China

Phytoliths are noncrystalline minerals that form inside cells and cell walls of different parts of plants. Organic carbon in living cells can be occluded in phytoliths during plant growth. It has been documented that the occluded carbon within phytoliths is an important long-term terrestrial carbon reservoir that has a major role in the global carbon cycle. Common millet and foxtail millet have become typical dry-farming crops in China since the Neolithic Age. The study of carbon conservation within phytoliths in these crops could provide insights into anthropogenic influences on the carbon cycle. In this study, we analyzed the carbon content in phytoliths of common millet and foxtail millet. The results indicated that (1) common millet and foxtail millet contained 0.136% ± 0.070% and 0.129% ± 0.085% phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) on a dry mass basis, respectively; (2) based on the mean annual production of common millet and foxtail millet in the last 10 years, the phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate of common millet and foxtail millet was approximately 0.023 ± 0.015 and 0.020 ± 0.010 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 , respectively; (3) assuming a similar phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate as for common millet (the highest accumulation rate was 0.038 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 ), this could result in the sequestration of 2.37 × 10 6 t CO 2 per year for the 62.4 × 10 6 ha dry-farming crops in China. Although there was a decline in the annual production rate and planting area of foxtail millet during 1949 to 2008, the total phytolith carbon sequestration rate was 7×10 6 t CO 2 within the 60-year period. However, phytolith occluded carbon has not yet been fully considered as a global carbon sink. Also, this carbon fraction is probably one of the best candidates for the missing carbon sink.     

岩溶水水化学特征的主成分分析和因子分析

【目的】为了解岩溶区地下水水化学特征以及地下水成分的来源。【方法】以广西果化镇地下水为研究对象,于2017年7月共采集地下水样品21件,运用Gw_chart软件制作水化学Piper三线图,结合R软件进行相关性分析、主成分分析法、因子分析法等对数据进行处理。【结果】研究区岩溶地下水水化学类型主要为重碳酸-钙型水,Ca2+和Mg2+为地下水中主要阳离子,HCO-3和SO2-4为地下水中主要阴离子。HCO-3与Ca2+,Na++K+与Cl-,SO2-4与Mg+2、Ca2+,相关性较强,它们经历了相似的化学反应过程。通过主成分分析法提取了3个主成分,共解释了91%的方差,可以很好地代表原始数据;通过因子分析提取出3个公共因子,共解释了86%的方差。【结论】自然因素水-岩作用为水化学元素特征与来源主导因素,人类活动也起到了重要作用。     

受污染场地土壤重金属化学形态组成特征

受污染场地中重金属总量反映了场地的污染程度;而其形态则能反映场地的生态风险。通过采集天津某受污染场地内外土壤样品,分析测试了其重金属含量及形态。结果显示:污染场地内土壤中重金属含量显著高于场地外,其中Cd的污染最为严重,处于地累计指数评价法的2级水平。通过对重金属的形态分析发现,受污染场地内重金属的离子交换态、酸可提取态比例要高于场地外;因此,对于受污染场地的修复技术选择,要充分考虑重金属形态。     

Variation of δ13C in karst soil in Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin

This study deals with δ₁₃ C variation in karst soil system of Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin, a typical region of humid subtropical karst formations. Samples of near ground air, plant tissue, soil and water (soil solution and karst spring) were respectively collected on site in different seasons during 1996–1999. Considerable variation of δ₁₃ C values are not only found with different carbon pools of soil organic carbon, soil air CO₂ and soil water HCO₃⁻, but also with the soil depths and with different seasons during a year. The °₁₃ C values of CO₂ both of near ground air and soil air are lower in July than those in April by 1‰–4‰ PDB. Our results indicate that the δ₁₃ C values of carbon in the water and air are essentially dependent on interface carbon interaction of air-plant—soil-rock—water governed by soil organic carbon and soil CO₂ in the system.     

Potential release of hydrogen fluoride from domestic coal in endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou,China

Almost half of the total rural area of Guizhou Province and many regions within the 11 adjacent provinces in southwestern China have a long history(at least 70 years) of endemic fluorosis,including dental fluorosis and osteofluorosis along with its associated deformities and disabilities.Over decades of research,this specific type of endemic fluorosis has been defined as coal-burning fluorosis,which is distinct from drinking-water fluorosis.It is generally acknowledged that indoor burning and combustion of high-fluorine coal leads to food contamination,and fluorine then enters the human body.However,the exact chemical form of fluorine during its release and transfer to the body is still unknown.In the present study,21 domestic coal samples from outcrop and semi-outcrop coal collected in five villages with fluorosis were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS).The total mass fraction of sulfur in the samples ranged from 0.24%-5.58% and total fluorine content ranged 90.2-149.2 mg/kg.H3O+,H2SO4+ and HSO4-were detected in the samples by TOF-SIMS,which indicated that sulfuric acid hydrate(H2SO4.H2O) was present in the samples.F-was detected in all of these,which suggested the samples contain ionic fluorine compounds.Under certain circumstances,such as heating or burning,the prevalence and coexistence of the acid(H2SO4.H2O) and base(F-) would lead to a neutralization reaction producing volatile hydrogen fluoride(HF,bp = 19.5℃).This would be the chemical form of fluorine released from the coal.Further studies using HF and SO2 test tubes on headspace gas over coal samples heated to 200℃ in the laboratory and on headspace gas over stoves or chimney tops at rural residences confirmed the release of HF.     

Immobilization of arsenic in soils by stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron, iron sulfide (FeS), and magnetite (Fe3O4) particles

Arsenic is a widespread contaminant in soils and groundwater. While various iron-based materials have been studied for immobilizing arsenic in contaminated soils, the feasibility of stabilized iron-based nanoparticles has not been reported. This study investigates the effectiveness of using three types of starch-stabilized iron-based nanoparticles, including zero-valent iron (ZVI), iron sulfide (FeS), and magnetite (Fe₃O₄), for immobilization of arsenic in two representative As-contaminated soils (an orchard soil and a fire range soil). To test the effect of the nanoparticles on the arsenic leachability, As-contaminated soils were amended with the nanoparticles at various Fe/As molar ratios (5:1–100:1) and contact time (3 and 7 d). After three days’ treatments of a field-contaminated sandy soil, the PBET-based bioaccessibility of As decreased from an initial (71.3±3.1)% (mean±SD) to (30.9±3.2)% with ZVI, (37.6±1.2)% with FeS, and (29.8± 3.1)% with Fe₃O₄ at an Fe/As molar ratio of 100:1. The TCLP-based leachability of arsenic in a spiked fire range soil decreased from an initial (0.51±0.11)% to (0.24±0.03)%, (0.27±0.04)% and (0.17±0.04)% by ZVI, FeS, and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, respectively. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles appeared to be more effective (5% or more) than other nanoparticles for immobilizing arsenic. When the two soils were compared, the treatment is more effective on the orchard soil that has a lower iron content and higher initial leachability than on the range soil that already has a high iron content. These results suggest that these innocuous iron-based nanoparticles may serve as effective media for immobilization of As in iron-deficient soils, sediments or solid wastes.     

多粘类芽孢杆菌同步糖化发酵玉米粉生产(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇

【目的】对多粘类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa的玉米粉同步糖化发酵工艺进行优化,以获得低成本、高效的(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇生产技术。【方法】研究玉米粉浓度、氮源种类和氮源浓度对菌体生长、耗糖能力以及(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇产量、产率、得率和转化率的影响,并在此基础上进一步考察培养基中其它成分对(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇发酵的影响。【结果】优化后的培养基组分为玉米干粉140g/L,酵母粉30g/L,Na_2HPO_4 3g/L,KH_2PO_43g/L,(NH_4)2SO_42g/L,MgSO_40.8g/L,微量元素溶液2mL/L。使用优化后的培养基进行同步糖化发酵,发酵50h后(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇产量达到56.28g/L(光学纯度为98.3%),对葡萄糖的得率为0.44g/g,产率为1.13g/(L·h)。【结论】(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇生产技术低价高效,可为其工业化生产提供参考。     

Occurrence of nitrification-denitrification and gaseous nitrogen loss process in flooded rice soil

Flooding in wetland rice fields soon after transplanting results in displacement of soil air (including O₂). Thus any dissolved O₂ in the pore water is consumed out by microbial respiration in a short period. Supply of O₂ to the flooded rice soil is by diffusion of O₂ through the standing floodwater and consumption at the soil-water interface, and by exudation of O₂ by rice roots and subsequent diffusion of O₂ into the rhizosphere. The greater potential consumption of O₂ compared to the renewal rate results in the development of distinct soil layers: oxidized soil layers under soil-water interface and in the rhizosphere, and reduced soil layers or reduced bulk soil. Nitrification in oxidized soils and denitrification in reduced soils have been known. Currently, denitrification in oxidized soils, even in standing floodwater, has also been identified. In this article, we present a modified nitrification and denitrification occurring mechanism in flooded rice soil.     

Magnetic records of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoil in Lanzhou, China

This study is a systematic analysis of the magnetic characteristics and heavy metal elements in soil samples collected from Lanzhou City,China.The 117 surface soil samples were measured to study the feasibility and effectiveness of environmental magnetism for evaluating heavy metal pollution in urban soils.Results of the study indicate that low-coercivity magnetite dominates the magnetic properties in the samples.The high values of the soil magnetic mineral concentration parameters and low values of magnetic particle size parameters are distributed throughout the northern area of Xigu District,the industrial zones of the eastern section of Chengguan District and the districts of the narrow sections connecting Chengguan District and the other three districts;these parameters are fundamentally consistent with the distribution of the high values of the Pollution Load Index and Nemerow Pollution Index.Semi-quantitative studies which use the environmental magnetic method to monitor pollution of heavy metals(such as As,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,and Fe) have shown that when xlf≤35×10-8 m 3 kg-1,it is unpolluted;when 35≤xlf <150×10-8 m3 kg-1,it is moderately polluted to unpolluted;when 150≤xlf <365×10-8 m 3 kg-1,it is moderately polluted;when 365≤xlf <750×10-8 m3 kg-1,fd %<2.7 and ARM /SIRM<0.2×10-3m A-1,it is moderately to highly polluted;when xlf ≥750×10-8 m3 kg-1,xfd %<2.7 and xARM/SIRM<0.2×10-3m A-1,it is highly polluted.The region of moderately to highly polluted distribution is caused by industry and vehicles,showing that the change of pollution in Lanzhou City bears the trend of "vehicle emission + industrial".     

丙酮/(NH4)2SO4双水相体系提取芦丁影响因素研究

【目的】研究丙酮/(NH4)2SO4双水相萃取体系对分离槐米中芦丁的影响因素。【方法】利用正交设计法进行优化,并把28.57%的硫酸铵溶液与等体积的70%的丙酮混合溶液,调至pH=9形成的双水相,两相的体积比(V上/V下)是1.62。【结果】萃取体系的上相中芦丁含量达到95.92%。【结论】丙酮/(NH4)2SO4双水相萃取体系分离芦丁具有良好的选择性。