采用粒子群算法的热电厂热电负荷分配优化

为了优化热电厂内多台机组的热电负荷分配以提高热电厂的经济效益,建立了热电联产机组能耗分析模型和基于粒子群算法的热电厂热电负荷优化分配模型,研究获得了某330 MW热电联产机组的运行区间及运行区间内能量利用效率和■效率的分布规律,进而研究热电负荷分配对热电厂整体能耗特性的影响规律。结果表明:对于单台机组在供热机组的运行区间内,供热量是影响能量利用效率的主要因素,能量利用效率最大、最小值分别为72.11%和34.08%,发电量是影响■效率的主要因素,■效率最大、最小值分别为38.51%和29.97%;通过合理的热电负荷分配,热电厂总煤耗降低,■效率提高。以某热电厂热电负荷边界为例,通过负荷分配优化,热电厂的总煤耗量降低了49.17 t/d,发电标准煤耗率降低了2.56 g/(kW·h)。     

火电厂机组负荷优化调度软件系统的设计与实现

为满足火电厂节能降耗的内在需要,提出了厂级监控信息系统(SIS)平台下的机组负荷实时优化调度软件系统框架,实现了SIS和管理信息系统(M IS)的无缝集成和发电负荷自动分配.通过在线采集运行数据进行经济计算,实时拟合出各机组煤耗特性曲线,建立机组负荷分配的数学模型,在此基础上采用分层模糊遗传算法,实现了机组负荷的最优化调度.基于微软.NET Framework解决方案和Browser/Server多层架构设计思想,设计和实现了该实时优化调度软件系统.采用该软件进行负荷优化调度,可使全厂供电煤耗率比原来的值长制分配模式降低0.5 g/(kW.h)左右,有利于电厂的节能降耗.     

发电机组凝汽器背压的优化计算

结合某电厂350 MW发电机组运行数据和凝汽器变工况计算,运用控制变量法分别定性与定量分析了机组负荷、循环水流量、循环水温度对凝汽器背压的影响,并进一步得到这些参数对机组热耗率、机组净功率、全厂供电煤耗率的影响规律。以机组净出力为目标函数,寻找机组运行最佳背压和最佳循环水流量,并给出机组在常用负荷(75%)运行时,循环水泵优化调整方案及优化调整前后全厂供电煤耗率的对比。经优化,循环水泵单泵运行向双泵运行切换的温度点由16℃调整至18℃;通过循环水泵运行方式调整,该台机组全厂平均供电煤耗率可节约0.25 g/(kW·h)。     

基于遗传算法的火电机组运行优化

火电机组运行优化正成为火电厂运行工作和技术攻关的重要方面.文中结合某300MW燃煤机组运行实例,对其主要性能参数进行敏感性分析,得出性能参数偏差对煤耗率的影响规律,其中,飞灰含碳量、炉膛出口烟气含氧量、排烟温度、凝汽器真空度、给水温度、主蒸汽压力6个参数的每工程单位偏差对煤耗率的影响最大.在此基础上,建立了以煤耗率最低为目标函数的优化模型,并采用遗传算法进行寻优求解.最后,开发了火电机组运行优化软件,并在其上进行机组运行优化计算,得到了一个参数最优化的运行方案.优化结果表明,供电标准煤耗率比原来降低了约1.41 g/(kW.h).     

电站锅炉燃烧在变工况下最佳烟气含氧量的计算分析

本文在分析了各热经济性参数在烟气含氧量影响下变化特性的基础上,推导了以最小供电煤耗率为目标的最佳烟气含氧量偏微分方程,由此方程可以计算出电站锅炉变工况运行过程中不同负荷下的最佳烟气含氧量设定值,可以有效降低机组运行过程中电站锅炉的供电煤耗率。     

基于系统可靠性评估的机组检修规划模型

为确定市场环境下发电容量充裕度较低系统的机组检修计划,在分析其对系统运行成本影响的基础上,提出了基于系统可靠性评估的规划模型.该模型以规划期内系统总运行成本最小为目标,考虑各时段系统失负荷概率约束、运行约束及检修约束后,确定各机组检修时段,其中系统可靠性指标由蒙特卡洛模拟法评估.与其他模型相比,该模型考虑了双边合同及日前市场、机组及线路故障对检修计划的影响,并将系统可靠性水平转化为经济指标加以衡量.算例分析表明,该模型优先规划对系统可靠性影响大的机组,可确保系统各时段失负荷概率在指定范围内及整个检修计划的经济性.     

间接空冷系统变工况快速计算模型

以某600 MW机组大型间接空冷系统为对象,分别建立了凝汽器热力计算模型与空冷塔数值计算模型,按照正交实验方法设计了49组工况,通过耦合迭代的方法对机组变工况运行进行了数值模拟,得到了相应的变工况运行特性信息.以所得数值模拟结果为样本,基于最小二乘支持向量机,建立了反映机组变工况运行特性的背压快速计算模型,在机组运行的全工况范围内反映了环境温度、侧风风速和热负荷变化对机组背压的影响.该方法结合了数值模拟方法机理建模的准确性和最小二乘支持向量机良好的泛化能力,计算高效,可为机组经济与安全运行提供连续定量的指导.     

基于供电煤耗的厂网联合优化节能发电调度

为了尽使全网总损耗降至最小,综合考虑发电机组煤耗及网损,采取联合优化节能调度模型,在电网侧基于等供电煤耗微增率原则,对全网发电机组出力最优分配,综合降低发电煤耗和网损,可有效克服节能发电调度维数灾及收敛难的问题;在电网侧进行出力优化后,电厂侧可基于等煤耗微增率原则,在电厂内部机组进行出力再分配,可克服因通信问题导致的在线煤耗特性误差影响,进一步降低发电机组煤耗,从而达到节能减排的目的。     

基于遗传算法的火电厂机组间负荷分配的研究

讨论了在火电厂负荷分配中常用的三种方法:等微增率法、动态规划法和遗传算法.采用不同的方法对火电厂机组间的负荷分配进行计算,并对结果进行比较.使用遗传算法来计算火电厂机组间的负荷分配,计算结果简单准确.该算法具有广阔的应用前景.     

风火联合系统的多目标随机优化调度方法的研究

考虑到风电场出力的随机性,以常规机组燃煤费用最小、污染气体排放量最小为目标函数,约束条件以概率的形式表示,构建考虑机组组合的风火联合系统的多目标随机机会约束规划模型。结合机组启停优先顺序表,采用启发式搜索策略确定机组组合状态,以避免机组频繁启停或系统容量冗余。采用基于Pareto的多目标粒子群优化算法,结合随机模拟技术和模糊逻辑评价法,对既定机组进行经济负荷分配。以含10机的风火联合系统为算例,验证了所提调度方法的可行性、有效性。优化调度结果表明:1该模型能够充分利用清洁能源,降低系统运行成本,减少污染气体排放量,提高电力系统运行的综合效益;2该算法计算精度高,速度快,避免了基本粒子群优化算法易陷入局部最优的缺点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that