还贷性高速公路成本分担比例及计算方法

为了公平地对还贷性高速公路成本进行分担,在分析了各种定价方法如何分担成本之后,以公共产品理论界定了还贷性高速公路产品属性,结合"受益支付主体相一致"的原则,提出成本应由使用者和政府共同承担的观点,认为影响分担比例的因素为政府收益和使用者收益;厘清政府和使用者收益的概念之后,用投入产出表建立政府收益的核算方法,综合速度-流量模型、速度-油耗模型以及旅客和货物时间价值模型构建使用者收益的核算方法,最后给出成本分担比例计算公式。研究结果表明:在算例的环境中,使用者成本分担比例取53.85%~83.82%为宜;根据成本分担比例定价,使公路收费更加公平。     

展厅效应下双渠道供应链的减排投资与协调策略研究

低碳经济的发展改变了双渠道供应链的决策环境,同时也改变了一些消费者的低碳偏好。在考虑展厅效应和消费者低碳偏好的基础上,构建碳交易机制下双渠道供应链的减排和服务运营决策模型,利用主从博弈分别求解集中决策和分散决策情形下的最优运营策略,分析制造商的最优减排率、零售商的最佳服务水平及渠道价格之间的作用机制。进一步设计服务成本分担契约解决碳交易政策下分散式双渠道供应链的双重边际效应问题,探究展厅效应、低碳偏好及成本分摊对供应链的影响。研究表明,单位碳交易价格会影响展厅效应与减排率的作用关系,通过调节渠道价格比可以提高减排率和零售商销售价格,服务成本分担契约能够使双渠道供应链实现帕累托改进。     

考虑公平偏好的供应链知识共享激励研究

将供应链成员企业努力分为知识共享努力和合作努力,并考虑这两者冲突的影响,建立完全理性下的供应链知识共享双任务委托代理模型,在此基础上,将公平偏好心理植入到供应链知识共享激励模型中,探讨公平偏好对合作努力、知识共享努力以及激励效果的影响。研究结果表明:在冲突影响下,知识共享努力水平随着核心企业知识吸收能力的提升而提升;合作努力水平和知识共享努力水平随着成员企业公平偏好的增强而降低;成员企业公平偏好与产出激励系数呈倒U型关系。     

政府补贴和消费者绿色偏好供应链策略及协调

在考虑政府补贴和消费者绿色偏好情形下,为探究制造商开通在线渠道的动机,以及不同渠道 结构中供应链成员最优决策和社会福利的变化,构建制造商领导、零售商跟随的 Stackelberg 模型;比较不同 渠道结构下供应链成员的均衡策略,并设计价格折扣和成本分担契约实现供应链协调,最后通过算例对模型 进行验证;研究发现,政府补贴能够提高制造商开通在线渠道的动机;与单渠道相比,双渠道结构能够明显提 高制造商的利润及社会福利;零售商双渠道的利润是否高于单渠道的利润与消费者绿色偏好有关,当消费者 绿色偏好较高时,零售商双渠道的利润才高于单渠道的利润;价格折扣和成本分担契约可以实现整个供应链 系统协调,并且政府补贴和消费者绿色偏好越高时,供应链整体利润改进的幅度越大,此时制造商和零售商 更有合作的意向。     

随机需求下考虑碳排放的绿色供应链协调契约研究

考虑由一个绿色产品生产商和一个零售商组成的二级绿色供应链,在政府碳排放配额与可交易的情形下,针对市场需求不确定且受产品绿色度影响的情况下,建立考虑产品绿色度的供应链博弈模型。探讨集中决策、批发价格契约、收益共享与成本共担契约下的最优订购量和产品绿色度,并对三种情形下最优决策进行了比较和分析。研究表明:在批发价格契约下无法实现系统协调,通过引入收益共享与成本共担契约,当契约参数满足一定条件时,该模型既可以实现系统协调又可以实现帕累托改进。通过算例分析,探讨了收益共享系数对绿色产品生产商和零售商收益的影响。     

多源采购模式下考虑公平性的网购服务 供应链协调机制

供应链参与者的个体理性和公平性偏好会影响各参与者的决策行为,而现有研究较少同时考虑二者对系统的影响,鉴于此,针对由单个网络商店和两个TPL组成的竞争性网购服务供应链,研究考虑参与者个体理性和公平性的协调契约;首先,分析了分散决策模式和部分集中决策模式下的决策均衡,发现价格契约在服务改进和系统绩效优化等方面存在不足;然后,基于上述决策者个体属性设计网购供应链的协调契约,结论表明:将公平性和个体理性同时考虑到契约中能够实现同时公平分配系统利润增量和统一个体理性与集体理性的目的;最后,通过数值分析进一步验证了协调的效果并提出了相应的决策建议。     

政府补贴下具互惠偏好的绿色供应链定价与协调

将政府绿色创新补贴和成员互惠偏好行为同时纳入绿色供应链,分别建立集中决策、决策双方均无互惠偏好、制造商具互惠偏好、零售商具互惠偏好的4种Stackelberg博弈模型.通过对模型求解分析,研究发现政府补贴下,制造商的互惠行为对产品绿色度的提高具有正向作用,且有利于绿色供应链的整体效益和社会福利的提升;政府补贴策略对成员的互惠偏好行为具有负效应;零售商的互惠偏好行为对绿色供应链发展具有阻碍作用,政府降低绿色创新补贴比例可减弱零售商的互惠偏好行为对绿色供应链效用的消极影响,同时有利于提高系统的经济性和社会性.最后引入成本共担-收益共享契约对绿色供应链进行协调,并进行数值仿真验证.     

我国基础教育教育成本的分担补偿

我国基础教育教育成本应由学校成本和个人成本构成;教育成本应由相应的教育收益的获得者分担补偿,能升入上一级学校深造的学生和农村劳动力转移人员的相应教育成本应由教育收益的获得者———上级学校、大中城市和经济发达地区分别予以分担补偿,形成良性循环的教育成本分担补偿链,以实现基础教育投入的承担与基础教育教育成本分担补偿的良性互动,实现教育公平,最终实现我国基础教育特别是广大农村、贫困地区基础教育能够稳定、健康、持续地发展.     

政府调控下文旅景区文化消费效用水平激励机制研究

基于微分博弈模型，以Nash非合作博弈、文化服务成本分担的Stackelberg博弈和协同合作博弈，分别刻画政府与文旅景区不同合作情形，求解3种情形下的均衡策略、文化消费效用随时间变化的最优轨迹，以及文化服务成本分担策略下政府的最优补贴比例.研究发现：(1)在一定条件下，成本分担契约可以改善文化消费效用水平.(2)对景区门票、文创产品定价过高或过低均不利于文化消费效用水平的改善.(3)Stackelberg博弈下政府的最优收益高于Nash非合作博弈下政府的最优收益.(4)文旅景区收益上交给政府比例较小时，Nash非合作博弈下文旅景区的最优收益高于Stackelberg博弈下文旅景区的最优收益.(5)文旅景区收益上交给政府比例较大时，Stackelberg博弈下文旅景区的最优收益高于Nash非合作博弈下文旅景区的最优收益.     

非对称成本信息下考虑不公平厌恶的农产品供应链批发价格契约

为分析非对称成本信息下的不公平厌恶对农产品供应链协调性的影响,考虑合作社为主、超市为从的两级农产品供应链,在超市销售成本信息不对称和合作社具有不公平厌恶情形下,研究农产品供应链在批发价格契约下的协调情况.研究表明,在合作社存在不利不公平厌恶的情形下,合作社的最优农产品产量不高于传统合作社的最优农产品产量,且其为合作社不利不公平厌恶系数的递减函数,批发价格契约不能实现供应链协调;在合作社存在有利不公平厌恶的对称情形下,合作社的最优农产品产量不低于传统合作社的最优农产品产量,且其为合作社有利不公平厌恶系数的递增函数,在一定情形下批发价格契约可以协调供应链.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-