大水面牧场管理——群落调控、生物多样性恢复与资源利用

湖泊、水库等大水面是我国重要的湿地资源,也是内陆渔业的重要组成部分。本文介绍了大水面自然增殖管理和人工放流增殖管理的方法,并通过江苏傀儡湖和湖北牛山湖等综合管理实例,展现了通过群落调控达到大水面生物多样性恢复与资源高效利用的效果,旨在为我国建立系统且精准的大水面生态渔业管理体系提供科技支撑,推动大水面渔业从网箱、网围、网栏等集约化养殖方式向牧场化的生态渔业方式转型。     

基于NAO.99b资料对南海主要岛礁潮汐特征的分析

为了详细地认识南海岛礁潮汐特征,基于大洋潮汐模式NAO.99b的全球8个分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1)调和常数资料建立南海潮汐计算模型。利用该模型计算南海主要岛礁2010年逐分钟的潮位,得出了这些岛礁的最大潮差、平均潮差、平均高潮间隙和潮汐特征系数。结果表明:南海岛礁绝大部分为不正规日潮型,潮汐特征系数在2.98~4.34;在半个月中,有连续六七天为每日2个高低潮。平均高潮间隙整体从南海东北部往西南部逐渐增大,范围为8.32~11.63h,曾母暗沙为1.57h;平均潮差和最大潮差从南海东北部向西南部逐渐增大,平均潮差变化范围为65~92cm,最大潮差变化范围144~200cm。     

南海东沙群岛南侧海域的潮余流特征

为分析南海东沙群岛南侧海域次表层潮余流特征,基于布放在该海区的锚碇潜标海流资料,利用T-TIDE调和函数和低通滤波等方法,实现潮流调和常数的提取和余流的分离。该海区次表层潮流分潮K1,Msm,O1,M2和Ssa为主要分潮,各分潮东分量振幅大于北分量振幅。研究表明:潮流东西向运动强于南北向;各分潮振幅随深度变化不一致,造成潮流类型在不同深度上有所变化;二月平均余流出现相对异常现象,流速相对较大,可达83.65cm/s。次表层月平均余流变化与南海季风的盛衰有较好的对应关系,季风对该海区影响可达次表层深度。结合相应的温盐数据和高度计资料发现,余流异常与经过该海区的反气旋涡有关,涡旋改变了该海区原有的水体结构。     

Crustal activities recorded in coral reefs in the northwestern South China Sea

Coral reefs in the northwest of South China Sea have recorded the information from not only the environmental variation but also the crustal activities there during their development. The main crustal activities correlated with the coral reef development include fault, seismic, and volcano activities, etc. The high-resolution spark seismic profiles in the northwestern South China Sea show that the fault activities in the coral reef region have been clearly recorded, and appear as neonatal faults incising reefs. Earthquakes in the coral reef region are rather intense, especially the two occurring on December, 31, 1994, and January, 10, 1995, around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, with the magnitude of 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. They have great influence on the growth of the local coral reefs. Quaternary volcanos are active in the northwestern South China Sea, especially around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, and they have obvious control of the coral reef development. Some submarine volcanoes form the substrates of coral reef, while a few emerge above the sea surface and form coral islands.     

南海深海塑料垃圾污染

渔业捕捞及商业航运活动的塑料排放是南海深海塑料污染的主要来源.南海深海微塑料污染始于20世纪80年代,具有明显陆源输入的特征,陆架近岸区域微塑料污染严重.陆坡深海峡谷是塑料/微塑料向深海盆地输运的主要通道,近底浊流在输运中发挥了重要作用.综述了南海海底塑料垃圾深潜研究的最新进展,首次提出了深海塑料垃圾生态系统的概念.     

ECMWF细网格10m风场产品在南海海域的预报检验

对2012年1月至2013年12月ECMWF(简称EC)细网格10m风场产品在南海海域的预报进行检验,结果表明:1EC对原油码头、七洲列岛、永兴岛、永暑礁4个海岛站的风速预报总体上比实况略偏大,其中对七洲列岛和永暑礁的风速预报不仅系统性偏差最小,接近0m/s,且预报与实况的相关性最好;在不同风速下EC预报的风向偏差多数集中分布在±45°之间,风速越小,风向预报偏差样本的离散度越大;EC对东南风向、偏东风向和西南风向预报的均方根误差和平均偏差均较小,而对偏北风向和西北风向的预报效果较差.2对比EC 10m风速预报场和分析场在不同季节的偏差发现:春、秋、冬季风速预报平均偏差大值中心分布有一定相似性,均位于南海北部靠近华南沿海一带和南海东南部靠近菲律宾群岛以西海面,但均方根误差和方差的分布有所差异;EC对夏季南海海域的风速预报除了24h预报较稳定外,预报时效越长,均方根误差和方差迅速增大,模式预报不稳定.     

Sea surface temperature variations recorded on coralline Sr／Ca ratios during Mid-Late Holocene in Leizhou Peninsula

High-resolution Sr/Ca ratios of two Porites corals from Leizhou Peninsula were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry (ICP-AES). TIMS U-Th dating reveals that the life-spans of the two corals are 489-500 AD and 539-530 BC, respectively. Monthly sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during these two periods can be reconstructed from their skeletal Sr/Ca ratios. The results reveal that SSTs during 539-530 BC were roughly the same as those during 1990-2000 AD in this area, indicating a relative warm climate period. However, the period of 489-500 AD was significantly cooler, with annual mean SST, the 10-a average of minimum monthly winter SSTs and the 10-a average of maximum monthly summer SSTs being about 2, 2.9 and 1℃ lower than that in the 1990s, respectively. Such climate patterns agree well with the phenological results recorded in the historic documents in other areas of China.     

南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统Ecopath模型的应用与分析

过度捕捞和环境恶化导致渔业资源和海洋生态系统逆向发展。采用EwE5.1软件,对南海北部大陆架建立Ecopath(生态通道模型)模型。通过各级流量、生物量、生产量、捕捞量、系统总流量以及生态位和混和营养效应等方面的分析,得出营养流通主要有2种途径,肉食鱼类间饵料竞争非常激烈,低值鱼类间具相似的捕食压力,顶级捕食者对大部分鱼类负效应不明显。系统受过度捕捞渔业影响很大,并存在营养级I利用效率低和渔业资源小型化、低值化等不稳定的幼态特征。     

南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统Ecosim模型的动态模拟

为了确定最佳的渔业政策,采用EwE 5.1软件,对南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统构建了1987-1998年Ecosim(时间动态)模型。Ecosim模型包含了32个功能组,初始参数来源于20世纪80年代末期静态平衡的Ecopath模型。通过营养关系,分析了渔业捕捞对主要经济鱼类的动态影响。结果显示1998年系统总输出、总生物量都有不同程度的增加,而总捕捞量则有所降低;强化的捕捞压力导致了低值小型鱼类被捕食压力的间接缓解,大中型高价值鱼类的生物量发生明显下降;说明了生态系统呈现出逆向发育的主要原因在于过度捕捞所产生的从上而下(top-down)的控制作用。     

Variability of surface circulation in the South China Sea from satellite altimeter data

11-year satellite altimeter sea surface height （SSH） anomaly data from January 1993 to December 2003 are used to present the dominant spatial patterns and temporal variations of the South China Sea （SCS） surface circulation through Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） analysis. The first three EOF modes show the obvious seasonal variations of SSH in the SCS. EOF mode one is generally characterized by a basin-wide circulation. Mode two describes the double-cell basin scale circulation structure. The two cells were located off west of the Luzon Island and southeast of Vietnam, respectively. EOF mode three presents the mesoscale eddy structure in the western SCS, which develops into a strong cyclonic eddy rapidly from July to September. EOF mode one and mode three are also embedded with interannual signals, indicating that the SCS surface circulation variation is influenced by El Nino events prominently. The strong El Nino of 1997/98 obviously changed the SCS circulation structure. This study also shows that there existed a series of mesoscale eddies in the western SCS, and their temporal variation indicates intra-seasonal and interannual signals.