ITAM两步磷酸化基础上的TCR识别模型

将T细胞受体(TCR)的活性与免疫酪氨酸受体激活基序(ITAM)活性联系起来，深入考虑了TCR与其配体的亲和力和离解率．结果表明抗原多肽上信号氨基酸部分的细小差别，将有效地引起截然不同的T细胞应答反应．发生在T细胞应答早期信号事件中的TCR与其配体的亲和力和离解率参与决定了最终的T细胞应答结果．     

T细胞共刺激信号系统研究进展

T细胞是获得性免疫应答的主要识别和效应细胞．T细胞的活化需要两种信号同时存在（即双信号模型，two-signal model）：一是由T细胞受体（TCR）与MHC-抗原肽复合物介导的第一信号，该信号决定了T细胞抗原应答的特异性；二是由表达于T细胞表面的膜蛋白分子及其配体介导的共刺激信号，该信号对于T细胞识别抗原后的完全活化是必须的．共刺激分子的发现为调控T细胞活化及其介导的免疫反应提供了新策略．     

T细胞共刺激信号系统研究进展

T细胞是获得性免疫应答的主要识别和效应细胞．T细胞的活化需要两种信号同时存在（即双信号模型，two-signal model）：一是由T细胞受体（TCR）与MHC-抗原肽复合物介导的第一信号，该信号决定了T细胞抗原应答的特异性；二是由表达于T细胞表面的膜蛋白分子及其配体介导的共刺激信号，该信号对于T细胞识别抗原后的完全活化是必须的．共刺激分子的发现为调控T细胞活化及其介导的免疫反应提供了新策略．     

ZAP-70在ITAM活化中的作用

在假设ITAM两步磷酸化的基础上,建立理论模型,定性讨论了ZAP-70在ITAM活化中的作用.结果表明:TCR与MHC-pep抗原多肽的亲和力是影响免疫应答的一个重要参数,但ZAP-70对ITAM活化事件的正反馈调节会使得TCR对特异性抗原识别的敏锐性降低,当这种调节达到一定程度时,免疫应答将不再依赖抗原的特异性.进一步讨论了半活化状态的ZAP-70的作用,运用此模型还解释了ITAM的活化过程存在一个ITAM/ZAP-70的浓度阈值问题.     

CD28分子的研究进展

目前大量实验已证明,CD28家族分子与B7家族分子结合后产生的共刺激信号,即第二信号在免疫应答的T细胞激活中起重要作用.CD28与B7两种分子的相互作用可产生一个特殊的协同刺激使TCR介导的抗原识别信号导致细胞的活化而不是无能,现就CD28家族分子的结构、配体、信号传导以及对免疫应答的调控作一综述.     

滤泡树状突细胞在HIV感染中的作用

滤泡树状突细胞是抗原提呈细胞[1]，它提呈抗原给B细胞和活化的T细胞起动免疫应答。HIV是引起艾滋病的病原体，它可以侵犯T细胞，造成细胞免疫功能极度低下产生艾滋病。滤泡树状突细胞可以提呈HIV-抗HIV复合物给活化的T细胞，使T细胞感染，机体发病。     

TcR与信号传导的研究趋势──从占据模式到功效模式

本文概述了对TcR信号模式的新认识，并对TcR信号活化的分子模型从“占据模式”到部分激动剂／拮抗剂模式即“功效模式”的改变与发展进行了简要介绍。“功效模式”分子模型的意义在于其可就肽─MHC分子配体相关成分应答中的变异性与TcR拮抗作用的产生做出合理的解释。这种新观点使当今的T细胞依赖性免疫概念受到了冲击。     

T细胞对抗原的识别：中国科学家谈科学

T细胞对抗原的识别是抗原特异性免疫反应的基础。它可使机体获得保护性的抗原特异性免疫应答，对揭示免疫应答的规律、阐明免疫相关疾病的发生机制、寻找有效的治疗方法有重要意义。     

Wnt/β-连环蛋白通路在免疫检查点抑制剂耐药中作用的研究进展

Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路是癌症领域最热门的分子靶点之一,与许多恶性肿瘤的发生和发展密切相关. Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路还广泛应用于肿瘤免疫调节,异常活化的Wnt/β-连环蛋白与肿瘤免疫抑制微环境密切相关.目前,免疫检查点抑制剂的研究和应用已相当广泛,但是以靶向程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, CTLA-4)为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂存在患者响应率低和耐药的问题. Wnt/β-连环蛋白的激活会抑制肿瘤微环境CD8⁺T细胞的浸润,抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应并诱导免疫检查点抑制剂耐药.重点讨论了Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路与免疫检查点的关系,并对Wnt/β-连环蛋白抑制剂联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗恶性肿瘤的研究进展进行综述.     

北大医学部研制的肿瘤抗原疫苗被批准进入新药临床研究

北京大学医学部免疫学系陈慰峰院士领导的T细胞研究室在肿瘤抗原克隆鉴定及免疫应答分析、肿瘤疫苗研制等方面取得显著成果。近期，该实验室顺利完成了癌-睾丸抗原（CT抗原）NY-ESO-1抗原肽（NY-ESO-1b）的临床前研究工作，他们研制的肿瘤抗原NY-ESO-1b多肽疫苗现已通过中国药品食品监督管理局（CSFDA）药审中心评定，获得新药临床研究批文。     

Diversity of gamma delta T-cell receptors on murine intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes

The search for the genes encoding the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha- and beta-subunits revealed a third gene gamma which shares with the alpha- and beta-genes several properties including somatic rearrangement. This gene, together with a fourth rearranging gene delta, encodes a second type of T-cell receptor, TCR gamma delta. Although TCR gamma delta-bearing T cells constitute a relatively minor subpopulation in the thymus and in peripheral lymphoid organs, they are the major lymphocytes of epidermis (dendritic epidermal cells or DEC) and of intestinal epithelium (intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes or IEL) in mice, suggesting that at least some gamma delta T cells are important in the surveillance of a variety of epithelia. It was recently reported, however, that the TCR gamma delta on DEC has essentially no structural diversity, implying that the putative ligand is monomorphic. As this finding, if generally applicable, poses severe restrictions on the origin of the ligand, we investigated the diversity of the TCR on the second major epithelium-associated gamma delta T cells, namely IEL from mice. We report here that by contrast with the DEC gamma delta, the IEL gamma delta TCR are structurally diverse.     

Genes encoding ligands for deletion of V beta 11 T cells cosegregate with mammary tumour virus genomes.

The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is selected in the thymus after rearrangement of genes encoding TCR alpha and beta chains. Selection is based on the recognition by newly emergent T cells of self-ligands associated with molecules of the major histocompatibility complex: some combinations result in positive selection, others in negative selection. Negative selection, or clonal deletion, is an important mechanism for eliminating autoreactive T cells. A group of self-ligands involved in clonal deletion was identified because they, like exogenous superantigens, were recognized by almost all T cells expressing particular TCR V beta genes. V beta 17a T cells are deleted by a tissue-specific ligand; V beta 6, V beta 7, V beta 8.1 and V beta 9 T cells are deleted by the minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls) determinant Mls-1a; V beta 3 T cells by Mls-2a and Mls-3a; V beta 11 T cells by ligands encoded by independently segregating genes; and V beta 5 T cells by ligands encoded by two genes. Chromosome mapping using recombinant inbred strains of mice and classic backcrosses show that Mls-1a in DBA/2 mice is encoded on chromosome 1, that one of the two ligand genes for deletion of V beta 5 T cells maps to chromosome 12 and that a ligand gene for V beta 11 deletion is linked to the CD8 locus on chromosome 6. Here we present evidence from three sets of backcross mice for concordance between V beta 11 deletion ligand genes on chromosomes 6, 12 and 14 and endogenous mouse mammary tumour virus integrant (Mtv) genomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves a cascade of signalling and adhesion events.

In addition to the antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR), T cells bear an array of 'accessory' molecules that can contribute to stable adhesion to the antigen-bearing cell and provide costimulatory signals. For several of these, T-cell adhesion to the ligand can be activated by TCR-dependent signalling (a signal from the TCR primes the coreceptor to bind to its ligand). It is unclear whether the individual coreceptors share common mechanisms of priming and cosignalling, and perhaps act in a redundant manner, or whether they act in a distinct way and contribute uniquely to the activation process. We report here the use of isolated alloantigen, class I proteins and fibronectin ligands to show that coreceptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated sequentially and deliver distinct biochemical signals on binding to their ligands. TCR engagement activates CD8 by a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway, and CD8 then acts as a signal for initiation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis on binding to class I. In contrast, activated adhesion to fibronectin does not initiate polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis, but amplifies hydrolysis once it has been initiated. Thus, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves a TCR-initiated cascade of adhesion and signalling events leading to response.     

T细胞受体激活过程模拟

对免疫系统T细胞受体结合外源多肽段后诱导的一系列受体磷酸化反应过程进行了系统的理论模拟。T细胞受体对于不同外源分子产生敏感而特异的反应, 可以由动力学校验模型进行解释。拓展了早期的动力学校验模型, 放宽和改进了原有模型对去磷酸化速率和以固定顺序进行受体磷酸化这两方面的假设, 得到了更一般的反应网络模型, 从数学模拟角度很好的满足和解释了生理上T细胞所表现出的对外源分子识别的敏感性、特异性和激活时间短等重要性质。     

Major histocompatibility complex-linked specificity of gamma delta receptor-bearing T lymphocytes

Several recent studies have identified a distinct subset of CD3(T3)+CD4-CD8-T lymphocytes that express a CD3-associated heterodimer made up of the protein encoded by the T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma-gene and a second glycoprotein termed TCR delta (refs 1-4). TCR gamma delta is expressed on CD3+ thymocytes during fetal ontogeny before the appearance of TCR alpha-beta (alpha beta) (refs 5-7), on CD3+CD4-CD8- adult thymocytes, and on a subset (1-10%) of CD3+ cells in adult peripheral lymphoid organs and the peripheral blood. TCR gamma delta-expressing T cells probably represent a distinct mature T-cell lineage with the capacity to proliferate in response to receptor-mediated signals, and to display non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytolysis. Critical to understanding the function of this T-cell subset is the identification of the ligand(s) recognized by TCR gamma delta. Here we describe an alloreactive CD3+CD4-CD8-TCR gamma delta-expressing, TCR alpha beta-negative, T-cell line that manifests MHC-linked recognition specificity for both proliferation and cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that T cells expressing TCR gamma delta are capable of self-non-self MHC discrimination and that they can undergo MHC-influenced selection during differentiation like TCR alpha beta-expressing T cells.     

Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 N-glycosylation

T-cell activation requires clustering of a threshold number of T-cell receptors (TCRs) at the site of antigen presentation, a number that is reduced by CD28 co-receptor recruitment of signalling proteins to TCRs. Here we demonstrate that a deficiency in beta1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5), an enzyme in the N-glycosylation pathway, lowers T-cell activation thresholds by directly enhancing TCR clustering. Mgat5-deficient mice showed kidney autoimmune disease, enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity, and increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Recruitment of TCRs to agonist-coated beads, TCR signalling, actin microfilament re-organization, and agonist-induced proliferation were all enhanced in Mgat5-/- T cells. Mgat5 initiates GlcNAc beta1,6 branching on N-glycans, thereby increasing N-acetyllactosamine, the ligand for galectins, which are proteins known to modulate T-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Indeed, galectin-3 was associated with the TCR complex at the cell surface, an interaction dependent on Mgat5. Pre-treatment of wild-type T cells with lactose to compete for galectin binding produced a phenocopy of Mgat5-/- TCR clustering. These data indicate that a galectin-glycoprotein lattice strengthened by Mgat5-modified glycans restricts TCR recruitment to the site of antigen presentation. Dysregulation of Mgat5 in humans may increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.     

Tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is essential for coupling T-cell antigen receptor to the phosphatidyl inositol pathway

Stimulation of T lymphocytes through their antigen receptor (T-cell receptor; TCR) results in the activation of a tyrosine kinase and the generation of phosphatidyl inositol (PtdIns)-derived second messengers. Several reports have indicated that CD45, a haematopoietic cell-specific surface glycoprotein with tyrosine phosphatase activity in its cytoplasmic domain, is important in lymphocyte activation. To examine the possibility that CD45 might influence proximal signal transduction events through the TCR, we have isolated a variant of the human T-cell leukaemic line, HPB-ALL, which fails to express this phosphatase. Unlike cells expressing CD45, stimulation of the TCR in the CD45-negative cell does not result in PtdIns-derived second messengers. Reconstitution of CD45 expression restored early signalling events through the TCR. To localize the site of CD45 action, the human muscarinic type 1 receptor, which also activates the PtdIns second messenger pathway, was transfected into the CD45-negative cell. Although stimulation of the TCR failed to generate PtdIns-derived second messengers, there was normal activity of the PtdIns pathway when human muscarinic receptor type 1 was stimulated, despite the absence of CD45. These data indicate that CD45 influences a cellular component that is essential for effective coupling of the TCR to the PtdIns second messenger pathway.