大型炉膛燃烧过程的数值模拟

介绍了一个针对大型炉膛燃烧过程进行数值模拟的完整三维湍流、燃烧和热传递计算模型，该模型预示了气体流动、组分浓度和温度、颗粒轨迹及燃烧、壁面辐射热流。气相的动量、烛和组分的守恒方程采用ｋ－ε模型来描述湍流粘性系数，用颗粒随机轨道法模拟煤粉的运动轨迹，并且考虑了挥发分的燃烧及热解、焦炭燃尽过程。对辐射热传递采用离散传递法。     

大型炉膛燃烧过程的数值模拟

介绍了一个针对大型炉膛燃烧过程进行数值模拟的完整三维湍流、燃烧和热传递计算模型，该模型洋了气体流动、组分浓度和温度、颗粒轨迹及燃烧、壁面辐射热流。气相的动量、焓和组分的恒方程采用ｋ－ε模型来描述湍流粘性系数，用颗粒随机道法模拟煤粉的运动轨迹，并且考虑了挥发分的燃烧及热解、焦炭燃尽过程。对辐射热传递采用离散传递法。     

高炉三维气固湍流和煤粉燃烧过程数值模拟

基于欧拉气相方程组、欧拉颗粒连续方程和动量方程以及拉氏颗粒能量和质量变化方程,建立并发展了高炉风口回旋区湍流气固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的三维数学模型.用所建模型分别对冷态模型内气固两相流动和某企业750 m3高炉风口回旋区内的气固两相三维流动与煤粉燃烧进行了数值模拟.采用三维激光相位多普勒分析仪(PDA)对冷态模型内气固两相流场进行了测量,实验结果与冷态两相流动的模拟结果基本一致.热态模拟结果给出了气相温度和组分浓度分布,模拟结果与实验测量结果较吻合,揭示了风口回旋区内气固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的基本性质和特点.     

煤粉浓缩器对旋流煤粉燃烧NO排放影响的研究

为研制低污染旋流煤粉燃烧器,研究了煤粉浓缩器中旋流煤粉燃烧时NO的排放情况.用相位多普勒测速仪对在浓缩器中加入或不加入物料时的冷态两相流动速度,湍动能以及颗粒浓度进行了实验研究.用生成NO的统一二阶矩代数模型、HCN释放的简化Solomon模型和煤粉燃烧的全双流体模型,就浓缩器对旋流煤粉燃烧器NO生成的影响进行了数值模拟,给出了湍流动能、煤粉浓度、温度和NO浓度分布.冷态实验结果和数值模拟结果符合较好,两者都表明,煤粉浓缩器增大了回流区内煤粉浓度.热态模拟结果表明,煤粉浓缩器降低了NO生成.     

高炉风口煤粉及回旋区焦炭燃烧过程数学模型

通过对高炉风口粉煤燃烧及回旋区焦炭燃烧过程中高炉工作环境的探讨,得出数值模拟的方法在喷煤高炉风口煤粉及回旋区焦炭燃烧研究中的必要性,回顾了前人应用数值模拟的实验方法在此方面的研究,总结出了煤粉喷吹过程气-粒两相湍流流动数学模型;煤粉挥发分热解及辐射传热数学模型;回旋区焦炭颗粒燃烧能量方程,最后提出了基于CCD技术的数值模拟边界条件设定的新构想.     

EDC模型在三维燃烧流场数值模拟的应用

采用涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,对等离子发生器内三维湍流燃烧流场进行数值模拟.燃料采用甲烷.在数值模拟时,湍流模型采用RNG模型,欧姆热电弧用等效热弧代替.数值模拟结果得出了在空气过量系数α<1情况下的流场特性参数和产物分布.通过对数值模拟结果的分析,实现了EDC模型对多步化学反应的模拟和对活性物质的预测,并为优化设计等离子发生器结构,更好地组织燃烧流场提供了依据.     

煤粉燃烧两相流的数值模拟

由于煤粉燃烧受热面区域的气固两相流场测量难度大,为预测煤粉燃烧炉内部流场与两相流浓度场分布规律,以FLUENT为平台,建立了煤粉燃烧炉模型,用PDF来定义燃料成分,气相湍流流动采用标准的k-ε方程模型,气相为无滑移边界条件。颗粒相采用随机轨道模型。利用有限差分法来离散微分方程,对控制方程的求解采用SIMPLE算法。得到了燃烧炉内部温度场,煤液化率的分布规律及煤粉的颗粒轨迹。揭示了挥发分释放与燃烧的过程,剖析了焦炭的燃烧机理,为煤粉在分解炉内的优化燃烧提供了重要的理论参考依据。模拟结果有助于煤粉炉改造和节能。     

煤颗粒热解过程中孔隙分形维数变化的数值模拟

为研究煤粉热解过程中孔隙分形维数的变化规律,更好地预测煤焦的燃烧行为,建立了基于颗粒分形孔隙的热解模型,对煤颗粒热解过程中孔隙分形维数的变化进行数值模拟.模型生成的颗粒在孔隙分形维数、孔隙率和颗粒密度方面与真实的煤粉颗粒相同.模型中采用官能团的裂解来描述热解中的化学反应,颗粒的膨胀由气体压力造成,热解模拟条件与沉降炉的实验条件相同.与实验结果相比,数值模拟能够定性地反映煤粉热解过程分形维数的变化规律.     

多喷嘴对置式煤气化炉内气固两相流动及壁面沉积

对我国具有自主知识产权的多喷嘴对置式煤气化炉内的气固两相流进行了数值模拟分析.在合理简化和假设基础上建立了基于Eulerian-Lagrangian模拟方法的炉内气固两相流动模型,采用Realizable k-ε模型描述炉内复杂气相湍流运动,应用颗粒轨道模型随机追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动.通过数值计算获得了炉内气固两相的速度矢量、颗粒分布、颗粒运动轨迹,以及颗粒碰撞并沉积于壁面的通量分布.揭示了该型气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动特征,并分析了入口速度和炉体上部高度对气固两相流动和颗粒在壁面沉积的影响规律.结果表明:对撞流显著增强炉内气固流动湍动,强化气固相互作用,并使煤粉颗粒在炉内有效分散,有利于化学反应高效进行;在喷嘴入口及顶部的壁面处颗粒沉积率较大.     

复杂结构气体燃烧器三维流场和燃烧状况数值模拟

以美国JohnZink公司一种瓦斯燃烧器为几何原型 ,保持燃烧器和稳焰旋流器附近的三维复杂形状 ,生成了包括燃烧器和炉膛的结构化网格。以甲烷为燃料 ,采用标准的k ε湍流模型、双δ混合燃烧模型和蒙特卡洛辐射换热模型对燃烧器内的流动及燃烧状况进行了全尺寸数值模拟 ,计算了旋流器附近的复杂流场 ,预测了燃烧器流场、温度场以及各组分的分布状况。计算结果表明 ,标准的k ε湍流模型、双δ混合燃烧模型和蒙特卡洛辐射换热模型能够用于计算复杂结构内的流动和燃烧过程。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.