椰壳制备空分炭分子筛的研究

提出了以椰壳为原料制备空气分离用炭分子筛的路线，并考察了不同工艺条件对炭化产物空分能力的影响，在体系中引入了适量的添加剂有助于改善粘接剂二次炭化中的调孔作用，用该法制备的分子筛的某些特征参数已接近进口分子筛的水平。     

变压吸附空分用椰壳基炭分子筛的制备

提出以椰壳预炭化料为骨料、酚醛树脂为黏结剂制备变压吸附空分制氮用炭分子筛的新工艺路线,包括成型、炭化、水蒸气活化、两步苯气相碳沉积调孔等主要工序;完善了炭分子筛的变压吸附空分评价手段,即以变压吸附空分为基本手段,结合变压吸附脱附尾气总量及其中O2浓度等参数分析,准确表征炭分子筛制备过程中样品的微孔孔容和孔径变化,从而实现对炭分子筛制备工艺参数的精确控制.所得的椰壳基炭分子筛具有较高的抗压强度,其变压吸附空分性能接近商业炭分子筛产品.     

碳沉积法制空分用炭分子筛的研究

用碳沉积法对空分用炭分子筛的孔隙结构进行了调整。首先用煤焦油馏分油的有机溶液浸渍原料炭分子筛；然后在氮气保护下进行热处理，使吸附的烃类分子热裂解积碳从而实现炭分子筛孔隙结构的调变。研究了碳沉积条件对炭分子筛的空分性能、微孔孔容及对Ｏ＿２、Ｎ＿２气体在炭分子筛中扩散的影响，结果发现，碳沉积减少了炭分子筛中孔径大于０．４０ｎｍ的微孔数量，降低了Ｏ＿２、Ｎ＿２分子在炭分子筛中的扩散速度；在最佳工艺条件下制得的炭分子筛的空分性能与国外同类产品相当。     

基于污泥基生物炭吸附剂的含磷废水处理工艺研究

针对传统吸附剂除磷率低,可重复利用率不高的问题,提出一种基于污泥基生物炭吸附剂的废水处理工艺。首先,对污泥基生物炭吸附剂进行制备,并探讨污泥基生物炭制备的最佳工艺;其次,分析废水处理的最佳除磷工艺;最后,对污泥基生物炭的重复利用率进行研究。结果表明：污泥基生物炭最佳制备工艺为炭化时长60 min;炭化温度600℃;升温速率22.5℃/min。污泥基生物炭最佳除磷工艺为：污泥与粉煤灰干重比为6∶4;只含脱水污泥的污泥碳(C-SBC)和污泥基生物炭(F-SBC)的pH分别为5.0和7.0;投加量为1.5 g/L;在最佳制备工艺和最佳除磷工艺条件下,C-SBC和F-SBC经过4次吸附—解析循环后,保留率分别为76%和80%,具备良好的重复利用率。     

碳沉积法制空分用碳分子筛的研究

用碳沉积法对空分用碳分子筛的孔隙结构进行了调整，首先用煤焦油馏分油的有机溶液浸渍原料碳分子筛；然后在氮气保护下进行热处理，使吸附的烃类分子热裂解积碳从而实现碳分子筛孔隙结构的调变，研究了碳沉积条件对碳分子筛的空分性能、微孔孔容及对Ｏ２、Ｎ２气体在碳分子筛中扩散的影响，结果发现，碳沉积减少了炭分子筛中孔径大于０．４０ｎｍ的微孔数量，降低了Ｏ２、Ｎ２分子在炭分子筛中的扩散速度；在最佳工艺条件下制得的炭     

晋城无烟煤制备高吸附性活性炭的试验研究

运用正交实验方法,选用晋城无烟煤为原料,用KOH化学活化法制备高吸附性活性炭,以所得活性炭的CCl4吸附值作为考察指标。结果表明,晋城无烟煤在活化温度830℃、活化时间60min、碱炭比5/1的条件下所制备的活性炭CCl4吸附值可达到2348mg/g。     

热压成型制备玉米芯基生态炭

以来源丰富、价格低廉的玉米芯为原料,通过炭化和活化（水蒸气为活化剂）制备生态炭.为提高生态炭的收率,炭化前采用热压成型的方法对玉米芯原料进行预处理.通过对成型温度、成型压力、成型时间等工艺参数的研究,得出较佳热压成型条件:成型温度为275～300℃,成型压力为5～15MPa,成型时间为10 min.研究结果表明,成型工艺参数对总炭化收率的影响程度由大到小依次为:成型温度＞成型压力≈成型时间;热压成型使玉米芯的炭化收率由成型前的18.52％(质量分数)提高到成型后的25.58％;热压成型对生态炭的比表面积影响较小,所制生态炭比表面积为982m2/g,以微孔为主,微孔率高达97.31％.     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥制备活性炭的研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,以KOH为活化剂采用化学活化法制备污泥活性炭。研究了碳化时间、碳化温度及活化剂浓度等条件对污泥活性炭碘吸附值和产率的影响。通过正交实验确定了污泥活性炭的最佳制备条件。结果表明,以碘吸附值作为主要评价指标,制备条件对污泥活性炭的碘吸附值影响大小的顺序为:炭化时间活化剂浓度炭化温度。制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺组合为炭化温度400℃,炭化时间40 min,活化剂浓度为0.3 mol/L,污泥活性炭的碘值为308.7 mg/g。     

金属盐类对玉米芯水热炭化过程的影响

以生物质玉米芯为原料,研究水热炭化法制备生物炭技术特点.在180~230℃水热条件下,分别以水、氯化铝和氯化锌溶液为液相进行了生物炭化过程实验,检验了温度和液相因素的影响,使用元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜等技术对生成生物炭的化学及结构变化特性进行了分析和表征.所得生物炭产率为30.3%~50.12%,碳含量为44.26%~63.72%、C/O为0.89%~2.08%、C/H为7.26%~14.19%,热值为17.14~24.37 m J/kg.与水相比,在金属盐类溶液中较低的温度下可生成有较高碳含量和热值的生物炭,在环境扫描电镜中发现该类生物炭呈现较多的球形结构,其中氯化铝对生物炭化过程影响显著.研究为生物质的水热碳化过程合理化提供技术参考.     

白竹与烟煤共炭化产物燃烧特性与动力学研究

文章以白竹和烟煤为原料，在不同共炭化温度、不同掺混比条件下制备共炭化产物，采用热重分析法研究产物在不同升温速率条件下的燃烧特性，并采用Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法计算动力学。结果表明，共炭化产物在燃烧过程中只出现1个峰，与煤单独燃烧基本一致，但综合燃烧特性优于煤；随着共炭化温度升高(350～550℃),灰分增多，燃烧效果下降；随着升温速率提高，样品微商热重(derivative thermogravimetric, DTG)曲线向高温段偏移，但样品的失重量不变；随着白竹掺混比增加，共炭化产物燃烧的失重量随之减少，着火、燃烧性能逐渐提升；白竹与煤共炭化产物燃烧时会出现协同效应；采用FWO法、KAS法活化能结果相近，FWO法模型较优，其线性相关系数高于0.95;白竹与烟煤按质量比7∶3掺混，在350℃条件下共炭化，升温速率为20℃/min时共炭化产物综合燃烧特性指数最好(3.98×10^-7 min^-2·℃^-3),最小着火能量最低(85.85 kJ/...     

Ramapithecines from China: evidence from tooth dimensions

Data obtained from ramapithecine specimens found in Asia, Africa and Europe have suggested the existence of two major subgroups, Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus, with Ramapithecus having pre-human status. Recently, however, it has been proposed that the fossils all belong to a single group, Sivapithecus, which is more closely related to the apes, in particular the orang-utan. Here we analyse data from a series of similar fossils which have been found in late Miocene coalfields in Lufeng, Yunnan Province, China. These include a number of almost complete jaws and five partial skulls which are more complete than any others so far known. A statistical analysis of the overall dimensions of the large number of teeth included in these finds shows that the differences between the groups previously assigned to Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus are greater than those found between the sexes in the most sexually dimorphic of the living great apes. Within the groups the distribution is bimodal and we suggest each group contains sex subgroups.     

来自自然界的可再生能源-生物质乙醇重整制氢

在镧系金属氧化物载镍催化剂上通过催化重整乙醇和乙醇水溶液可以直接转化为H2，H2的选择性达到60％，乙醇的转化率达到100％。优化催化剂及降低重整反应的温度以使水汽转化反应同时发生来降低产物气中CO的含量。该过程对于生产小型燃料电池的低成本燃料H2，以及便携燃料电池系统需要液态燃料存储的应用具有巨大的潜在价值。     

Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia

The Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded a rich fossil and archaeological record documenting an early presence of the genus Homo outside Africa. Although the craniomandibular morphology of early Homo is well known as a result of finds from Dmanisi and African localities, data about its postcranial morphology are still relatively scarce. Here we describe newly excavated postcranial material from Dmanisi comprising a partial skeleton of an adolescent individual, associated with skull D2700/D2735, and the remains from three adult individuals. This material shows that the postcranial anatomy of the Dmanisi hominins has a surprising mosaic of primitive and derived features. The primitive features include a small body size, a low encephalization quotient and absence of humeral torsion; the derived features include modern-human-like body proportions and lower limb morphology indicative of the capability for long-distance travel. Thus, the earliest known hominins to have lived outside of Africa in the temperate zones of Eurasia did not yet display the full set of derived skeletal features.     

Radioprotectors from pyrodextrins

Cornstarch heated in the range of 230–280°C depolymerized into pyrodextrins characterized by two-component EPR signals of relatively stable free radicals. These thermally generated radicals could serve as efficient scavengers for free radicals generated from pyrodextrins with the 200 Gy dose of γ-radiation. The most efficient traps/scavengers were produced from cornstarch at 250–280°C. IR data indicated incorporation of the OH groups to the pyrodextrins. These groups most probably originated from the OH· radicals formed by the radiolysis of water. EPR spectra provided evidence for trapping free radicals generated by γ-irradiation and for their subsequent annihilation on contact with pyrodextrins. Water affected radical processes occurring in pyrodextrins caused by γ-irradiation.     

Greater contribution to blood lead from water than from air

Concern about the levels of lead in blood is widespread. There is uncertainty, however, about the relative importance of the various environmental sources. Lead in petrol is widely assumed to be one of the most important sources and air and dust have been identified as the main routes to man. Water is regarded as an important source in areas with a plumbosolvent water supply, but of little or no importance in other areas. In order to evaluate the contribution to blood lead by various environmental sources, we have conducted surveys of random samples of women in areas of Wales chosen to represent very different levels of exposure to traffic. We report here that lead in air makes a small, but significant, contribution to blood lead but there is no evidence of any contribution from dust. Although in none of the areas were high levels of lead detected in water, water emerges as an important contributor to blood lead.