Brain to body relationships in ontogeny of canine brain

Zusammenfassung Die Relation Gehirnmasse/Körpergewicht wurde bei 83 Hunden von Geburt bis zum Adultzustand studiert. Ein Bruch in der linearen Relation zwischen den Logarithmen Gehirngewicht und Körpergewicht trat ungefähr im Alter von vier Wochen ein (1,5 kg Körpergewicht zu 37 g Gehirngewicht). Dies betrifft einen kritischen Punkt in der Neuro-Ontogenie, was im Zusammenhang mit anderen Erscheinungen der ZNS- und Verhaltensentwicklung steht.     

Anamnestic response to an opioid

Zusammenfassung In Mäusen entsteht eine Toleranz gegen den kataraktogenen Effekt einer Einzeldosis von Opioid. Werden fraktionierte Dosen gegeben, so entwickelt sich jedoch eine weitaus grössere Toleranz, wofür eine Sensibilisierung als Ursache angenommen wird.

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Supported by a grant No. MH-12988-05 from the United States Public Health Service.     

Dietary restriction and fetal development

Summary The effect of deficient nutrition of pregnant Wistar rats on the fetal weight has been studied. It has been established that the fetal weight of the group of rats fed with a restricted amount of stock diet lags behind the fetal weight of the group receiving unrestricted amounts of the same stock diet. The differences in weight between the 2 groups were, on each day of the observation period, significant at the level of p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.This work was supported by a grant of the Republic Research fund of Croatia No. 18-04-06/19-1975.     

Brain stem projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat

Summary By means of the HRP method it was shown that the entire cerebral cortex, but in greater proportion the frontal and posterior temporo-parietal regions, receive fibres from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei and from the locus coeruleus. In contrast, the pars compacta substantiae nigrae and the tegmental area send projections to the motor and cingular areas respectively.     

Ruminations on dietary restriction and aging

Calorie restriction has been known for many decades to extend the life span of rodents. Since the more recent discovery that a long-term reduction in nutrient intake also extends life span in nearly every invertebrate model organism used for aging research, the mechanisms behind the longevity benefits of this intervention have been under intense scrutiny. While models have been developed in yeast, worms, and flies, the molecular mechanisms governing life span extension by calorie restriction remain controversial, resulting in great anticipation of mammalian studies testing these models. Here we discuss the links between nutrient reduction and enhanced longevity with emphasis on evolutionarily conserved nutrient response signaling. Received 1 November 2006; received after revision 15 December 2006; accepted 27 February 2007     

Primary cilia elongation in response to interleukin-1 mediates the inflammatory response

Primary cilia are singular, cytoskeletal organelles present in the majority of mammalian cell types where they function as coordinating centres for mechanotransduction, Wnt and hedgehog signalling. The length of the primary cilium is proposed to modulate cilia function, governed in part by the activity of intraflagellar transport (IFT). In articular cartilage, primary cilia length is increased and hedgehog signaling activated in osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we examine primary cilia length with exposure to the quintessential inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is up-regulated in OA. We then test the hypothesis that the cilium is involved in mediating the downstream inflammatory response. Primary chondrocytes treated with IL-1 exhibited a 50% increase in cilia length after 3 h exposure. IL-1-induced cilia elongation was also observed in human fibroblasts. In chondrocytes, this elongation occurred via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism. G-protein coupled adenylate cyclase also regulated the length of chondrocyte primary cilia but not downstream of IL-1. Chondrocytes treated with IL-1 exhibit a characteristic increase in the release of the inflammatory chemokines, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. However, in cells with a mutation in IFT88 whereby the cilia structure is lost, this response to IL-1 was significantly attenuated and, in the case of nitric oxide, completely abolished. Inhibition of IL-1-induced cilia elongation by PKA inhibition also attenuated the chemokine response. These results suggest that cilia assembly regulates the response to inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the cilia proteome may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies, including OA.     

Brain ischemia hypertension

Summary Hypertension was produced in anesthetized and conscious dogs when cerebral perfusion was reduced. It lasted up to 19 days in chronic studies, was not abolished by carotid sinus denervation nor with beta receptor blockade, but was absent after removal of brachiocephalic artery constriction (BCAC). The cardiovascular features of this neurogenic hypertension are presented.     

Brain stem projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat.

By means of the HRP method it was shown that the entire cerebral cortex, but in greater proportion the frontal and posterior temporo-parietal regions, receive fibres from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei and from the locus coeruleus. In contrast, the pars compacta substantiae nigrae and the tegmental area send projections to the motor and cingular areas respectively.     

Pressor response to oxotremorine in atropinized rats

Zusammenfassung Eine zentrale, nikotinartige Wirkung von Oxotremorin wird am Blutdruck der Ratte beschreiben.     

Autonomic response of the fish to pyrogen

Summary Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) applied to the anterior brainstem of the carp caused lightening of body colour. This indicates that an increase in set point temperature is responsible for increased cutaneous autonomic activity following LPS-administration.We express thanks to Dr S. Kanoh, National Institute of Hygenie Sciences, Osaka, Japan, for suppling the LPS.     

Peculiar response of Brattleboro rats to selenite

Summary Brattleboro rats were given, on the 10th day of life, a single high dose of sodium selenite. 90% of Brattleboro heterozygotes responded to the treatment by the formation of cataract whereas homozygotes with diabetes insipidus exhibited no cataract.     

Growth response of nodule bacteria to phytohemogglutanin

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass kristallines Phytohaemagglutanin (PHA) oder Rohextrakt aus PHA enthaltenden Zuckerbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris) das Wachstum vonRhizobium dadurch beeinflusst, dass die Lagphase der Wachstumskurve verkürzt, die logarithmische Phase aber verlängert wird. Die PHA-Wirkung ist deutlicher bei denRhizobium-Linien, die in den Wurzelknöllchen des Wirts an PHA nicht adaptiert sind.     

The response of plants to acid soils

Summary Interactive effects between acid deposition and the rest of the environment are the key to further understanding. Although this article deals only with plant growth in relation to the chemical state of the soil and not with aerial effects, it is still possible to illustrate a number of interactions and patterns of response among both vascular and non-vascular components of vegetation. Evidence is examined with regard to plant age, pre-treatment and the nature of nutrient supply. It includes consideration of both effects of soil on plants and of plants on soil, notes both antagonisms and symbioses, and draws attention to inducible defence systems.     

The mechanical response of isolated arteries to potassium

Zusammenfassung Die vasodilatatorische Wirkung der K⁺-Ionen wird bei Applikation von aussen auf Segmente der Art. facialis des Rindes, die in einer feuchten Kammer unter Druck gesetzt wurden, nachgewiesen. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung des Kaliums für die Durchblutungsregulation im Muskel diskutiert.     

Contractile response of halothane-depressed isolated atria to pyruvate

Zusammenfassung Die nach Halothan eingetretene Verminderung der Kontraktilität des Myokards kann durch Pyruvat verhindert werden. Dieses Ergebnis stützt die Hypothese. Halothan behindere die Aufnahme oder die Verwertung von Glycose.     

Phase response curve to anisomycin intau mutant hamsters

Administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, to wild type hamsters produces phase shifts in their circadian rhythms that have similarities to shifts produced by non-photic behavioral stimulation. A mutation that shortens the period of rhythms in hamsters results in altered responsiveness to non-photic input. However, responses of the mutants to anisomycin are unaffected: their phase response curve (PRC) for anisomycin is similar to that of wild types. This suggests that 1) anisomycin is not acting on mechanisms specifically involved in non-photic behavioral phase shifting, and 2) the mutation affects the non-photic input pathway or the pacemaker itself at a point that is upstream from anisomycin's site of action.     

Pressor response to angiotensin I during cardio-pulmonary bypass

Résumé La réponse pressive systémique à des injections intra-artérielles d'angiotensine I et II a été étudiée chez deux chiens avant et après avoir totalement exclu les poumons de la circulation. La réactivité à l'angiotensine I diminua presque 3 fois plus que celle à l'angiotensine II durant le shunt cardio-pulmonaire. Il apparaÎt donc que la circulation pulmonaire est un site important mais non exclusif de conversion de l'angiotensine I.