柔性资源约束下的项目调度问题双目标优化

资源短缺通常为项目延期的重要原因之一,项目管理者往往会考虑增大资源可用量来缩短项目工期,但增加资源量会导致项目成本的上升,因此,需要进行项目工期和成本的权衡.考虑资源可用量可变,用区间变量来表示,以项目工期和成本为优化目标,建立资源可用量可变约束下的多模式项目调度问题的双目标优化模型;提出一种基于非支配排序遗传算法的双目标混合遗传算法来获取问题的帕累托最优解,在算法中设计资源可用量上界的预处理方法和可行解的成本改进过程:求解示例和随机生成的算例集,分析算法的收敛性和解的多样性,验证模型与算法的有效性.最后,开展建筑项目应用研究,通过对求解结果的分析,说明求解帕累托解集的必要性,为项目管理者确定项目调度方案提供决策依据.     

并联生产系统FDH模型及其在分配问题中的应用北大核心CSSCI

研究并联生产系统的FDH模型及其性质,并将提出的模型应用到传统的分配问题中。本文的方法拓展了DEA方法的理论和应用范围;扩大了传统分配问题的内涵,即从传统的单一成本或利润指标扩展到多投入多产出的情形。最后,本文提出的方法在分配工作任务的同时考虑资源约束下的产出目标制订问题。     

基于合作博弈协商机制的分布式资源受限多项目调度

分布式资源受限多项目调度问题涉及多个项目的独立调度以及项目之间共享资源的协调分配,因此,解决该问题的关键是设计有效的机制获取协调全局资源所需的调度信息并据此配置全局资源.考虑每个单项目延期的影响程度不同,以最小化多项目总拖期成本为全局目标建立分层决策模型:考虑分布式多项目调度问题的信息不对称性和各单项目决策者的自利性,设计基于合作博弈协商机制的分阶段进化算法对问题求解.以MPSPLIB问题集开展实验研究,结果表明:采用合作博弈协商机制可以有效降低多项目的总延期成本,并且该求解机制对问题规模和资源冲突强度的变化有很好的适应性;自主Agent参与合作博弈并选择诚信策略可获得更高的单项目收益,同时多项目获得高质量的调度方案.     

并联生产系统FDH模型及其在分配问题中的应用

研究并联生产系统的FDH模型及其性质,并将提出的模型应用到传统的分配问题中。本文的方法拓展了DEA方法的理论和应用范围;扩大了传统分配问题的内涵,即从传统的单一成本或利润指标扩展到多投入多产出的情形。最后,本文提出的方法在分配工作任务的同时考虑资源约束下的产出目标制订问题。     

活动成本目标MMRCPSP并行调度方案

给出了考虑可重用资源约束的活动成本目标多模式资源受限工程调度问题的数学模型,结合多模式问题的特性给出了并行调度方案,提出了一种活动—模式联合调度策略,并设计了模式的优先调度规则,其中考虑了活动先序相关成本因素,包括悲观的先序相关成本因素、乐观的先序相关成本因素和折衷的先序相关成本因素。基于改造PSPLIB的算例测试表明,在考虑折衷的先序相关成本因素时所取得的计算效果相对较好,可以在现实工程调度中作为主要优先规则来使用。     

资源预留速率校正机制及仿真研究

网络为应用预留足够的资源以保证其传输性能是提供服务质量控制的基本机制。针对资源预留过程中可能的资源浪费问题,定义了＂资源隐藏＂现象,在分析成因的基础上总结了相关解决方法,提出了一种基于速率测量的预留速率调整机制,速率测量在速率包线方法的基础上考虑了流量自相似性。基于NS2的仿真建模实验验证了该方案的有效性和性能。与基于软状态的预留状态刷新方法相互补充,可有效解决＂资源隐藏＂问题,提高资源利用率。     

需求约束下集装箱码头装卸设施配置逆优化模型

为了解决需求不足的条件下,集装箱码头装卸设施配置优化问题,构建了集装箱码头装卸设施配置的逆优化模型,并给出了基于互补松弛定理的求解方法.研究结果表明,以效率最大为目标,以现有资源为约束的优化模型,在面临市场需求不足时,存在资源浪费.不同资源消减方案的成本不同,逆优化模型可以找到成本最小的资源消减方案.     

基于决策网络计划的工程项目物流方案随机优化

为解决工程项目物流方案优化中因不同方案的风险差异给决策工作带来的困难,在决策网络计划方法的基础上,提出了能够同时表达多个离散随机样本空间的决策单元结构;并将随机规划方法引入模型的优化中,建立了综合考虑成本和风险的上界极小模型及求解算法.文中以某建设项目物流方案的优化对模型的有效性与实用性进行了验证.结果表明,该模型能够有效解决风险存在差异时工程项目物流方案的优选问题,因而具有较高的理论意义与实用价值.     

考虑后悔规避的突发事件应急响应的风险决策方法

针对突发事件发展演变存在多种可能情景且实施不同应急方案时各情景发生概率不同的应急响应风险决策问题,基于后悔理论的思想,提出了一种考虑后悔规避的突发事件应急响应的风险决策方法.在该方法中,首先分别针对突发事件造成的损失以及方案实施成本计算应急方案的效用值;然后,分别针对突发事件造成的损失和方案实施成本,计算各应急方案的后悔值,进而得到分别针对损失指标和方案实施成本的决策者对应急方案的感知效用;进一步地,将针对损失指标和方案实施成本的感知效用进行综合集成,得到应急方案的综合感知效用,并依据综合感知效用的大小确定应急方案排序.最后,通过一个算例分析说明了该方法的可行性与有效性.     

区域物流中心专用资产投资和运营招投标机制

如何依据市场条件确定区域最佳的投资规模和对投资和运营方进行持续激励非常关键. 将物流成本分为固定和变动两维变量, 并站在政府管理机构的立场通过改进传统招投标机制来从整个区域社会福利最大化的角度来解决上述两个问题. 最后与传统方法进行差异分析, 并比较招标方的仿真支付曲线, 得到新方法兼具供给稳定性和竞争激励性优势.     

基于随机活动工期的资源约束项目鲁棒性调度优化

项目进度计划的鲁棒性对于不确定条件下项目的顺利实施具有重要影响. 作者研究具有随机活动工期的资源约束项目鲁棒性调度问题, 目标是在可更新资源和项目工期约束下安排活动的开始时间, 以实现项目进度计划鲁棒性的最大化. 首先对所研究问题进行界定并用一个示例对其进行说明. 随后构建问题的优化模型, 设计禁忌搜索、多重迭代和随机生成三种启发式算法. 最后在随机生成的标准算例集合上对算法进行测试, 分析项目活动数、 项目工期和资源强度等参数对算法绩效的影响, 并用一个算例对研究进行说明, 得到如下结论: 禁忌搜索的满意解质量明显高于其他两种算法; 当资源强度或项目工期增大时, 平均目标函数值上升, 禁忌搜索的求解优势增强. 研究结果可为不确定条件下项目进度计划的制定提供决策支持.     

基于蚁群算法的海洋工程群项目资源调度研究

针对海洋工程项目管理的热点问题——群项目管理中的难点,即人力、资金、设备及材料等资源的合理、动态调度问题,提出了一种基于蚁群算法(ACO)的资源调度方法.该方法利用群项目间资源调度问题与旅行商问题(TSP)的相似性,结合ACO算法的特点,将资源需在各个分项目中占用的时间与资源的急需程度与之比作为算法中的启发式信息进行处理.海洋工程群项目管理中资源调度的实例表明,该方法实现了资源的合理、动态调度,为海洋工程群项目管理提供了一较为有效的资源调度算法,对提高我国海洋工程及其他领域群项目管理水平具有一定意义.     

Study on Resource Scheduling in Project Group Management of Offshore Engineering based on ACO

To solve the problem of resource scheduling in project group management, which is a crying problem in offshore project management, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm was introduced. First, the similarities between resource dynamic scheduling problem and ant's food-seeking were analyzed and the meta-information was defined. Second, the dynamic scheduling model was proposed. Then, engineering practice in offshore project group resource scheduling showed that the resources can be allocated timely, dynamically and rationally by using this algorithm. The method can also be introduced into other related spheres. This study will give rise to project group management.     

Simplifying the nonlinear continuous time-cost tradeoff problem

Equivalent simplification is an effective method for solving large-scale complex problems. In this paper, the authors simplify a classic project scheduling problem, which is the nonlinear continuous time-cost tradeoff problem (TCTP). Simplifying TCTP is a simple path problem in a critical path method (CPM) network. The authors transform TCTP into a simple activity float problem and design a complex polynomial algorithm for its solution. First, the authors discover relationships between activity floats and path lengths by studying activity floats from the perspective of path instead of time. Second, the authors perform simplification and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the solution by deleting redundant activities and narrowing the duration intervals of non-redundant activities. Finally, the authors compare our method with current methods. The relationships between activity floats and path lengths provide new approaches for other path and correlative project problems.     

活动重叠对缩短资源受限项目工期有效性研究

活动重叠是项目赶工的一种常用手段,但并非所有活动的重叠执行均能有效缩短项目工期.识别和评估项目中活动重叠对缩短项目工期的有效性,避免无效的活动重叠及资源的浪费,对于解决资源受限项目调度问题具有重要的理论和现实意义.针对现有进度生成机制在处理带有活动重叠的资源受限项目调度问题上的不足,本文建立整数线性规划模型并对小规模算例进行精确求解.在对求解结果统计分析的基础上识别影响活动重叠有效性的关键因素,为项目调度中制定重叠策略提供指导.通过一个算例验证预先识别有效的活动重叠对提升启发式算法性能和优化项目调度结果具有积极作用.     

The business team standard: A means of improving the effectiveness of individual businesses in a multibusiness corporation

The paper describes a project carried out within a major chemicals corporation to improve the performance of the individual businesses. This was to be done by clarifying some of the organisational uncertainties in its structure and improving the way that specialists form coalitions to address market challenges together. The approach used was based on “systems thinking”, which is an intellectual framework of knowledge that attempts to view organisations as wholes and which studies the processes of change in any part in the context of the whole organisation. Some of the important concepts of systems thinking are explored as they might be applied within a business organisation. Specifically the tool used was the Viable System Model of Stafford Beer, which the authors interpreted and developed into a set of statements (“a Standard”) which describe best practice in such organisations. Managers have used this to explore possible gaps in their organisations and, with this understanding, find ways to improve performance.     

Improved differential evolution algorithm for resource-constrained project scheduling problem

An improved differential evolution (IDE) algorithm that adopts a novel mutation strategy to speed up the convergence rate is introduced to solve the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) with the objective of minimizing project duration. Activities priorities for scheduling are represented by individual vectors and a serial scheme is utilized to transform the individual-represented priorities to a feasible schedule according to the precedence and resource constraints so as to be evaluated. To investigate the performance of the IDE-based approach for the RCPSP, it is compared against the meta-heuristic methods of hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and several well selected heuristics. The results show that the proposed scheduling method is better than general heuristic rules and is able to obtain the same optimal result as the HGA and PSO approaches but more efficient than the two algorithms.       

Resource Planning and Allocation Problem Under Uncertain Environment

This paper generalizes the classic resource allocation problem to the resource planning and allocation problem, in which the resource itself is a decision variable and the cost of each activity is uncertain when the resource is determined. The authors formulate this problem as a two-stage stochastic programming. The authors first propose an efficient algorithm for the case with finite states.Then, a sudgradient method is proposed for the general case and it is shown that the simple algorithm for the unique state case can be used to compute the subgradient of the objective function. Numerical experiments are conducted to show the effectiveness of the model.     

Participatory Design and Technologies for Sustainable Development: an Approach from Action Research

This paper explores the relevance of the action research for design of technological solutions that lead to both systemic sustainable development and active involvement of the community. The paper shows how this idea was implemented in a project for water resource conservation with educational institutions of rural areas in Colombia. Through the use of technology, a reduction in water consumption increases in awareness about the use of this natural resource, and the active involvement of the community were sought. Additionally, social processes related to the conservation of natural resources were addressed through a socio-technical approach for analysis and design. During the application of the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), the participants and researchers created technological prototypes that allowed to: 1) give visibility to the community’s initiatives, and 2) save water in the households. This paper focuses on the importance of the design process of innovative solutions for social and environmental issues through the participative approach of action research.