用新固相源制备单畴GdBCO超导块材的顶部籽晶熔渗生长方法

以Gd2O3+xBaCuO2(其中x=1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8、2.0、2.2、2.5)配制固相源代替传统的Gd2BaCuO5(Gd211)固相源,用Y2O3、CuO和BaCuO2配制的液相源代替由GdBa2Cu3O7-y和Ba3Cu5O8配制的传统液相源,采用顶部籽晶熔渗生长方法,制备了系列单畴Gd-Ba-Cu-O(GdBCO)超导块材,并对所得样品的生长形貌、磁悬浮力和微观结构进行了分析和研究。结果表明:当新固相源中BaCuO2相的含量x为1.0~2.5时,均可以制备出良好的单畴GdBCO超导块材;样品的磁悬浮力随着x增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其中x=1.8的样品,磁悬浮力达到最大值33N,优于用Gd211固相源制备的同尺寸的GdBCO块材。样品的微观形貌表明,在GdBCO超导体内有大量纳米量级粒子,尺寸为2~450nm。使用该新成分固相源制备超导块材只需制备一种先驱粉,简化了实验步骤,缩短了制备周期,提高了制备效率。     

YBCO单畴超导块材的烧结温度控制

本文利用顶部籽晶熔融法(TSMG)成功制备了YBCO单畴超导块材,通过对不同熔融温度.不同生长温区晶体形貌的分析,探索获得了YBCO晶体生长的关键温度参数.结果表明:YBCO晶体生长的最佳熔融温度为1 035℃,生长温区为1 018℃~978℃,该结果为本实验的进一步开展奠定了重要的基础.     

Gd_2Ba_4CuNbO_y掺杂对单畴GdBCO超导块材性能的影响

本文采用顶部籽晶熔融织构方法(TSMTG),制备出了配比为GdBa2Cu3O7-δ(Gd123):Gd2BaCuO5(Gd211):Gd2Ba4CuNbOy(GdNb2411)=1:(0.4-x):x的系列单畴GdBCO超导块材(其中x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.12,0.14,0.16),并研究了不同GdNb2411掺杂量对样品生长形貌和磁悬浮力的影响.结果表明:在该掺杂范围内,均有可能制备出单畴GdBCO超导块材,且样品的表面生长形貌与掺杂量x密切相关.当x≤0.06mol时,样品上表面光滑平整且四径分明,表现出通常的单畴形貌;当x≥0.08mol时,样品的单畴区域不再光滑和平整,表面出现褶皱,且随着掺杂量的增加,单畴区域越来越小.样品的磁悬浮力测试结果表明:随着掺杂量的增加,其磁悬浮力先增大后减小,当x=0.06mol时,样品的磁悬浮力达到最大25N.实验结果对研究纳米粒子的磁通钉扎作用及进一步提高GdBCO超导块材的性能有重要意义.     

YBCO超导晶体生长规律的实时原位观察研究

本文采用顶部籽晶熔渗法(TSIG)成功制备出了不同过冷度下、不同保温时间的系列YBCO单畴超导块材;同时采用原位观察的方法,借助高温摄像技术实时记录了YBCO晶体的生长过程.通过对在不同过冷度、不同保温时间YBCO晶体生长形貌的分析和研究,结果表明:YBCO晶体起始外延生长温度为1008°C,单畴生长温度窗口为988°C–1008°C;在确定的过冷度下保温时,YBCO晶体的起始生长速率很快,最大平均生长速率达到0.95 mm h-1,之后,先快速衰减,然后逐渐趋于稳定;在YBCO晶体生长温区范围内,过冷度越大,生长速率越快,晶体生长的平均速率与过冷度之间的关系可以用Ra=a(△T)b公式来描述;YBCO晶体的瞬时生长速率在0.01–0.72 mm h-1之间,具有很大的波动性,但瞬时生长速率的平均值随过冷度的增大呈线性增加.这些结果对于进一步制备高质量的YBCO块材具有重要的指导意义.     

Y-211与Y2O3掺杂的熔融织构YBCO的超导钉扎效应及微结构研究

采用顶部籽晶熔融织构法,结合Y_2O_3和Y-211掺杂制备了高质量的准单畴YBCO块材.Jc测量结果表明,对于Y_2O_3掺杂的YBCO块材,其临界电流密度Jc在10K温度和0.6T磁场下达到1.60×10~6A/cm~2,用合作钉扎理论可推得,其在70K温度和2T磁场下为1.24×10~4/cm~2。扫描电镜观察结果表明,掺杂Y_2O_3所形成的Y-211粒子是柱状的,而掺杂Y-211在母体材料中是球形的,其尺寸接近纳米粒子。掺杂Y_20_3比Y-211更能增强磁通钉扎效应并有效地改善样品的生长状况。Y-211粒子与超导母体材料之间的界面对磁通钉扎起主要作用,Y-211粒子作为强钉扎中心属于界面钉扎。     

方石英籽晶辅助生长高效多晶硅的研究

以熔融石英颗粒作为籽晶的全熔法铸锭工艺已成为当前高效多晶硅的重要生产方法。但由于熔融石英为异质籽晶且为无定形结构,因而其引晶效果并不理想。采用方石英籽晶代替生产所用的熔融石英籽晶辅助高效多晶硅的初期形核及晶粒生长。结果显示:硅锭底部的初始晶粒得到明显细化,其平均粒径缩小约15.7%,且晶粒尺寸更加均匀,位错密度较熔融石英铸锭降低了21.5%,相应电池片的平均转化效率绝对提升近0.1%。     

Bi2O3氧化物掺杂对单畴YBCO超导块材磁悬浮力的影响

采用顶部籽晶熔渗工艺（TSIG）制备出了配比为Bi2O3：Y2BaCu05=x：（1吨）的系列单畴YBCO超导块材（其中x=0．1,0.3,0．5,0．7,0．9,2,单位为wt％）,并且研究了不同比例的氧化物Bi2O3掺杂对样品的生长形貌、磁悬浮力以及其微观结构的影响．实验结果表明了,Bi20,粒子的掺杂在样品中生成Y2Ba4CuBiOx（YBi2411）纳米粒子从而可以有效地提高样品的磁悬浮性能．当Bi203粒子掺杂量x从0．1wt％（质量分数,下同）增加到0．7wt％时,样品的磁悬浮力从7N增加到25N;当其掺杂量从0．7wt％增加到2wt％时,样品的磁悬浮力从25N降低到6N．该实验结果对于我们进一步研究氧化物掺杂对磁通钉扎作用的影响以及提高YBCO超导块材的性能有着重要的影响．     

熔渗法制备高温自润滑复合材料的动力学仿真分析

通过对熔融固体润滑剂与微孔预制体在真空压力下熔渗过程的动力学分析,基于Dacry定理得出熔渗深度的数学表达式,并采用有限元法对压力浸渗过程中的熔融固体润滑剂的渗流过程进行数值模拟,分析影响熔渗过程的主要因素.结果表明:熔渗过程中,熔渗压力5.5 MPa、熔渗温度800℃和熔渗时间50 min对熔融固体润滑剂熔渗效果有显著影响.     

AISI 1020钢表面熔融盐法渗铝及其机理

以Na3AlF6+NaF+Al混合熔体做渗铝剂,NaCl+KCl+NaF碱金属卤化物混熔体作助熔剂,在900℃下采用非电解熔融盐法在AISI 1020钢表层形成一层Fe(Al)固溶体渗层.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了渗铝层的物相组成,用附带能量色散谱仪(EDS)附件的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究渗层截面的形貌和成分,通过理论分析与实验结合确定最佳的渗铝工艺,分析非电解熔盐法制备渗铝层的形成机理和渗层结构.     

非晶态合金的磁畴结构

用毕特粉紋技术研究了軋辊淬火法制备的非晶态(Fe_xNi_(1-x))_(78)Si_5B_(14)和Fe_(40)Ni_(40)P_(14)B_6合金的磁畴結构,在这些合金样品表面观察到畴壁垂直軋向的磁畴。畴結构主要与从熔态合金淬火过程产生的不均勻单軸各向异性有关。这种各向异性是通过正磁致伸縮与样品的内应力间的磁弹性耦合产生的。样品經退火或磁退火后,这种类型畴的数量随退火温度增加而减少,导致磁化率和剩磁增加。在非晶态Fe_(40)Ni_(40)P_(14)B_6合金样品表面还观察到少量指紋状“迷陣”畴。内应力对磁畴結构影响非常明显。我們观察了針孔和剪口附近的畴結构。     

Bi_2O_3掺杂对TSMTG法单畴YBCO超导块材性能的影响

本文采用顶部籽晶熔融织构法(TSMTG)成功地将Bi2O3掺杂到YBCO超导块材中,研究了Bi2O3掺杂含量对单畴YBCO超导块材生长形貌和磁悬浮力的影响.结果表明,在YBa2Cu3O7-δ(Y123):Y2BaCuO5(Y211)=1:0.4不变的情况下,掺杂的Bi2O3粉体在样品内部均生成了Y2Ba4CuBiOx纳米粒子.当Bi2O3添加量x≤1.5wt%时,样品均可长成完整的单畴YBCO超导块材,且样品的磁悬浮力随着Bi2O3掺杂量的增加而增大;当x1.5wt%时,YBCO超导块材的单畴区域随着Bi2O3掺杂量的增加而逐渐减小,且随机成核现象严重,磁悬浮力降低;当x=1.5wt%时,样品的磁悬浮力最大.该结果对缩短样品制备的周期及进一步提高超导块材性能具有十分重要的意义.     

Subatomic movements of a domain wall in the Peierls potential

The discrete nature of crystal lattices plays a role in virtually every material property. But it is only when the size of entities hosted by a crystal becomes comparable to the lattice period--as occurs for dislocations, vortices in superconductors and domain walls--that this discreteness is manifest explicitly. The associated phenomena are usually described in terms of a background Peierls 'atomic washboard' energy potential, which was first introduced for the case of dislocation motion in the 1940s. This concept has subsequently been invoked in many situations to describe certain features in the bulk behaviour of materials, but has to date eluded direct detection and experimental scrutiny at a microscopic level. Here we report observations of the motion of a single magnetic domain wall at the scale of the individual peaks and troughs of the atomic energy landscape. Our experiments reveal that domain walls can become trapped between crystalline planes, and that they propagate by distinct jumps that match the lattice periodicity. The jumps between valleys are found to involve unusual dynamics that shed light on the microscopic processes underlying domain-wall propagation. Such observations offer a means for probing experimentally the physics of topological defects in discrete lattices--a field rich in phenomena that have been subject to extensive theoretical study.     

Structural and Chemical Diversity of Tl－Based Cuprate Superconductors

The Tl-based cuprate superconductor family is the largest family in crystal structure and chemical composition among all high Tc cuprate superconductors. The Tl family can be divided into two sub-families, the Tl single layer family and the Tl double layer family, based on their crystal structural characteristics. The Tl single layer family is an ideal material for investigating the evolution of crystalline formation, charge carrier density, chemical composition, transport properties, superconductivity and their relationships. The Tl family contains almost all possible crystal structures discovered in high-Tc cuprate superconductors. Tl cuprate superconductors are of great importance not only in studying high-temperature superconductivity but also in commercial applications.     

镍氧化物超导体的发现与研究进展

镍氧化物超导材料的发现,激发起研究人员新一轮对近似铜氧化物新型超导材料的探寻以及对高温超导机理中有关晶体结构-电子结构密切关系的研究兴趣.本文重点从具有无限层结构的掺杂镍氧化物(Nd_0.8Sr_0.2NiO₂)超导体的发现、目前的实验研究进展、对其电子结构及物理机制的研究等方面概述这类新型超导材料的基本特性,并在结尾对镍基超导体系的构建、一些亟待解决的物理和材料问题以及今后研究的方向等作开放性讨论.     

Investigation on propagation process of electrically induced fatigue cracking using AFM

Propagation process of electrically induced fatigue cracking in BaTiO3 single crystal has been studied using atomic force microscope （AFM）. The results show that alternating electric field generates a random domain switching around indentation cracks instead of a cyclic domain switching and an arrest indentation crack can be re-initiated by applying either positive or negative alternating electric field.     

Dynamics of the silicon (111) surface phase transition

The manner in which phase transformations occur in solids determines important structural and physical properties of many materials. The main problem in characterizing the kinetic processes that occur during phase transformations is the difficulty of observing directly, in real time, the growth of one phase at the expense of another. Here we use low-energy electron microscopy to study the real-time kinetics of a phase transformation confined to the silicon (111) surface. We show that the transformation is governed by the rate at which material is exchanged between the first layer of the crystal and the surface. In bulk phase transformations, the dynamics are usually governed either by the rate of diffusion of material to the phase boundaries or by the structural rearrangement of atoms at the phase boundary. The kinetic process that we have identified here has no bulk analogue and leads to domain dynamics that are qualitatively different from those expected for bulk systems.