蛾眉山玄武岩地球化学和大陆地幔演化

峨眉清音、会东唐坊和攀枝花二滩三个地区峨眉山玄武岩系岩石测得的多元素丰度数据,表明峨眉和唐坊剖面岩系低MgO,二滩剖面岩系高MgO,但三个剖面玄武岩TiO_2,K_2O和不相容微量元素的丰度高,具有碱性玄武岩系典型的稀土元素特征曲线。峨眉剖面玄武岩~(87)Sr/~(88)Sr=0.7066—0.7082;Rb/Sr=0.02—0.12;~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.51171—0.51174。根据微量元素模式计算,结合岩石学研究,三个地区原始母岩浆可能都来自一个均匀交代了的富集地幔源区部分熔融产物。进而对源区成分,熔融程度和分异过程进行了模拟,并提出了一种地幔富集作用的机理。     

试论峨眉山玄武岩喷发构造环境——微量元素地球化学证据

本文讨论了峨眉山玄武岩微量元素地球化学和锶、钕同位素特征,并与不同构造环境火成岩进行了对比。研究表明,峨眉山玄武岩显示了次大陆地幔富集的特征和地幔部分熔融、分异结晶的成因特点,喷发在大陆边缘裂谷构造环境。这一结论与其他地质研究成果的一致性,说明微量元素地球化学特征可以提供基性岩浆喷发构造环境的重要信息。本文还提出了玄武岩浆喷发、裂谷作用可能的动力机制。     

山东东部中生代中基性火山岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

本文对山东东部中生代中一基性火山岩的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素及铅同位素特征作了系统研究．该区中生代火山岩主要为玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、玄武质粗面安山岩、安山岩和粗面安山岩．玄武岩属钙碱性系列的拉斑玄武岩,微量元素特征显示大离子亲石元素和高场强元素均稍富集;稀土配分模式略呈右倾型,轻、重稀土之间的分馏不明显,基本无Eu异常;铅同位素组成显示玄武岩形成于原始地幔．粗面玄武岩和安山岩类属钙碱一弱碱性系列,微量元素特征显示大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素含量低;稀土配分模式呈右倾型,轻、重稀土之间的分馏明显,基本无Eu异常;铅同位素组成显示粗面玄武岩形成于亏损地幔,安山岩类形成于富集地幔,具EMI属性．这些特征表明,山东东部中生代火山岩的岩浆来源于不同的源区．形成于早白垩世的安山岩类,产于活动大陆边缘拉张动力背景下,是由富集型地幔部分熔融形成的岩浆直接喷发形成;形成于晚白垩世的粗面玄武岩,也产于活动大陆边缘拉张动力背景下,随着弧后扩张引起拉伸作用,岩石圈伸展,从地幔来源的玄武质岩浆在上升过程中受到了陆壳物质的混染,之后沿着大断裂喷出地表形成本区显示亏损地幔来源特征的粗面玄武岩;形成于晚白垩世的玄武岩产于大陆板内拉张环境,是由原始地幔部分熔融而成的岩浆直接喷发形成．     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床硫饱和机制的研究

金川铜镍硫化物矿床是在采的世界第三大岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床,其独特性在于微量元素特征暗示高程度的地壳混染作用,而硫同位素特征表明,硫的来源为地幔。利用前人总结的SCSS(sulfur content at sulfide saturation,即岩浆硫饱和时的硫含量)方程、推断的原生岩浆组分进行SCSS模拟计算,结合矿床超基性岩体微量元素特征,认识到:成矿母岩浆是地幔部分熔融的高镁拉斑玄武岩浆,部分熔融程度小于25%,形成时已接近硫饱和状态,在其上升进入深部岩浆房的过程中经历了约15%~35%的地壳物质同化混染,从而达到硫饱和状态。岩浆在岩浆房分异过程中,不断有同源近(已)硫化物饱和的岩浆补充进入岩浆房。     

峨眉山区晚二叠世大陆裂谷边缘玄武岩系的特征

峨眉山区玄武岩,主要由库姆斯趋势的弱碱性不含橄榄石,富含含钛磁铁矿的斜斑玄武岩与高碱拉斑玄武岩交替出现所组成。与康迪的大陆裂谷玄武岩比较,以特高的TiO_2及较高的K_2O,U,Th,Nd,Sm,Eu和低MgO,CaO,Cr,Ni,Ce等为特征,SrI=0.7062-0.7090,SI=17-26,这些特征说明其物质来源于上地幔上部部分熔融程度偏低的弱碱性玄武岩浆,且混染了地壳的元素,并经弱的结晶分异作用而成。峨眉山区玄武岩系为扬子古板块西部晚二叠世康滇不发育大陆裂谷系东部边缘的喷溢产物。     

赤峰地区新生代玄武岩的基本特征及成因

赤峰地区新生工玄武岩是中新世裂隙式火山活动产生的大陆溢流玄武岩,属于拉斑玄武岩系列,源区是软流圈上地幔。玄武岩是部分熔融和分离结晶过程联合作用的结果,先由地幔橄榄岩部分熔融产生玄武质岩浆,但岩浆在上升以大陆地壳内一定深度的岩浆房时,发生部分橄榄石的分离结晶作用。在部分熔融作用之后发生橄榄石分离结晶作用,可能是大陆溢流玄武岩的一种普遍现象。     

岩浆岩微量元素丰度关系规律及成因意义

作者选择了夏威夷瓦胡岛碱性玄武岩系（具地幔平衡部分熔融成因，简称Ｐ型）和智利安底斯山脉南段的拉斑玄武岩系（具岩浆分离结晶成因，简称Ｆ型），对元素进行全面考虑，即按元素的地球化学类型以一定的方式组合，重新研究二岩系数据，发现了Ｐ型和Ｆ型岩系微量元素丰度关系具有明显的差异特征，由此总结出Ｐ型和Ｆ型微量元素丰度关系曲线斜率规律；反过来，利用由斜率规律建立的“斜率判别岩系成因法”，判别岩系是Ｐ型还是Ｆ型成因。     

川西YS-1井玄武岩特征及与峨眉山玄武岩对比

探讨位于传统峨眉山大火成岩省之外的YS-1井玄武岩的特征及其与邻区峨眉山玄武岩的联系,为区域地质研究和油气勘探提供参考。YS-1井玄武岩总厚度达258 m,下与中二叠统茅口组灰岩呈火山喷发不整合接触,可见灰岩大理岩化;上与上二叠统龙潭组呈假整合接触。依据岩石组合及层序特征,共划分出16个韵律,归为3个旋回。岩相以溢流-喷溢相为主;初步研究显示玄武质多孔熔岩为主要的储层岩石类型,第三旋回上部为储层发育的有利部位。地球化学特征显示其属亚碱性-碱性过渡的高钛玄武岩,具洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征;富集大离子亲石元素,稀土配分模式呈右倾平滑型,与峨眉山玄武岩相似。轻、重稀土分异程度揭示其岩浆起源于石榴子石二辉橄榄岩区的低度熔融;强不相容元素特征显示其源区受到陆壳或岩石圈地幔轻微混染。岩相特征、构造环境判别结果为板内玄武岩,属裂隙式喷发。该套玄武岩属于峨眉山大火成岩省的一部分,即YS-1井玄武岩的发现将峨眉山玄武岩分布范围扩大到了成都一带。     

甘肃白银厂矿田早中寒武世酸性火山岩成因及源区特征的地球化学制约

从白银厂矿田早中寒武世酸性火山岩的地球化学研究入手，对其成因和源区特征进行了比较深入的探讨，认为本区酸性火山岩的源岩应是玄武岩和含水辉长质岩石的部分熔融形成的安山岩，源岩安山岩部分熔融形成该区流纹岩，而英安岩主要由流纹岩浆或与玄武岩浆混合或发生不明显的分离结晶形成．早-中寒武世，该区酸性火山岩的成岩环境为火山弧环境，当洋壳俯冲进入深处时，由于俯冲板片的脱水导致上地幔楔部分熔融形成源岩玄武岩，同时富水的流体萃取洋壳中的大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素向上进入楔形地幔，使地幔橄榄岩富集大离子亲石元素．地幔中流体的增加导致下地壳中辉长质岩石的部分熔融形成了该区流纹岩的源岩--安山岩．熔融地幔底辟上升，由于高热流而引起下地壳局部熔融和混染，使该区酸性火山岩又具有陆壳混染的特征．     

五台山-恒山地区繁峙玄武岩岩石学特征及构造意义

为了探讨滹沱河地区新生代的陆壳演化特征,在野外地质调查的基础上,开展了繁峙玄武岩的岩相学、岩石主微量元素地球化学研究。结果表明,繁峙玄武岩为一套钠质亚碱性-碱性系列的基性火山岩,形成于大陆板内裂谷的板块构造环境;繁峙玄武岩的岩浆来源于地幔物质的部分熔融与下地壳组分部分熔融的混合;繁峙玄武岩形成于太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的动力学背景,标志在始新世-渐新世,滹沱河裂陷开始发育。深入探讨繁峙玄武岩的岩浆作用特征、物质来源和岩浆作用的构造环境,对揭示五台山-恒山地区的陆壳演化特点,具有重要的意义。     

Survival times of anomalous melt inclusions from element diffusion in olivine and chromite

The chemical composition of basaltic magma erupted at the Earth's surface is the end product of a complex series of processes, beginning with partial melting and melt extraction from a mantle source and ending with fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation at lower pressures. It has been proposed that studying inclusions of melt trapped in early crystallizing phenocrysts such as Mg-rich olivine and chromite may help petrologists to see beyond the later-stage processes and back to the origin of the partial melts in the mantle. Melt inclusion suites often span a much greater compositional range than associated erupted lavas, and a significant minority of inclusions carry distinct compositions that have been claimed to sample melts from earlier stages of melt production, preserving separate contributions from mantle heterogeneities. This hypothesis is underpinned by the assumption that melt inclusions, once trapped, remain chemically isolated from the external magma for all elements except those that are compatible in the host minerals. Here we show that the fluxes of rare-earth elements through olivine and chromite by lattice diffusion are sufficiently rapid at magmatic temperatures to re-equilibrate completely the rare-earth-element patterns of trapped melt inclusions in times that are short compared to those estimated for the production and ascent of mantle-derived magma or for magma residence in the crust. Phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions with anomalous trace-element signatures must therefore form shortly before magma eruption and cooling. We conclude that the assumption of chemical isolation of incompatible elements in olivine- and chromite-hosted melt inclusions is not valid, and we call for re-evaluation of the popular interpretation that anomalous melt inclusions represent preserved samples of unmodified mantle melts.     

Melting in the Earth's deep upper mantle caused by carbon dioxide

The onset of partial melting beneath mid-ocean ridges governs the cycling of highly incompatible elements from the mantle to the crust, the flux of key volatiles (such as CO2, He and Ar) and the rheological properties of the upper mantle. Geophysical observations indicate that melting beneath ridges begins at depths approaching 300 km, but the cause of this melting has remained unclear. Here we determine the solidus of carbonated peridotite from 3 to 10 GPa and demonstrate that melting beneath ridges may occur at depths up to 330 km, producing 0.03-0.3% carbonatite liquid. We argue that these melts promote recrystallization and realignment of the mineral matrix, which may explain the geophysical observations. Extraction of incipient carbonatite melts from deep within the oceanic mantle produces an abundant source of metasomatic fluids and a vast mantle residue depleted in highly incompatible elements and fractionated in key parent-daughter elements. We infer that carbon, helium, argon and highly incompatible heat-producing elements (such as uranium, thorium and potassium) are efficiently scavenged from depths of approximately 200-330 km in the upper mantle.     

房山岩体的岩浆来源、形成机制及动力学意义

房山岩体是华北东部典型的燕山期中酸性侵入杂岩体,其地球化学特征为富Si、Na、Al、Sr,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta),轻重稀土分异强烈,Sr-Nd同位素具有类似EMI型富集地幔的特点,表明其岩浆来自于加厚下地壳的部分熔融,并且中生代华北东部下地壳已经被早先的富集岩石圈地幔置换.不同基性程度岩浆的不完全混合是形成微粒闪长质包体的原因.侵入杂岩的角闪石压力计显示下地壳部分熔融形成的中酸性岩浆先后在19~8 km里的深度范围内结晶就位.古太平洋板块在地幔过渡带深度于早白垩世水平俯冲至太行山一线,洋壳脱水导致上覆地幔部分熔融,后者成为加热下地壳部分熔融的热源.     

Platinum-group elements for the mantle peridotites in the Dazhuka ophiolite, Tibet, China

The total PGE amounts of mantle peridotites in the Dazhuka ophiolite, Tibet, are 28.37—50.67 ng/g, slightly higher than those of mantle peridotites in the primitive mantle, and typical ophiolites in the world, and the Alps-type mantle peridotites. The PGE distribution patterns in the Dazhuka mantle peridotites are also different from those of the mantle peridotites of partial melting relict origin. The Dazhuka mantle peridotites have relatively high total PGE amounts and are enriched in Pt, Pd, and Ru. Their PGE distribution patterns belong to the positively inclined- or swallow-type patterns. The PGE distribution patterns in the mantle peridotites of partial melting relict origin belong to the negative-slope patterns or flat patterns. This reflects the unique features of the upper mantle in this region. Relative enrichment in Pt and Pd, as well as in the incompatible elements Cu, Au, Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U and LREE, indicates that the partial melting-derived relict mantle peridotites in the Dazhuka ophiolite had experienced intensive permeating and mixing processes of the melt and fluid both containing abundant incompatible elements.     

Platinum-group element （PGE） geochemistry of the Emeishan basalts in the Pan-Xi area, SW China

Mantle plume represents massive mantle-derived magma activity and mainly causes the generation of the magma-associated deposits. The economically impor- tant magmatic deposits include Cu-Ni-PGE, V-Ti-Fe, and chromite deposits, e.g., the Bushveld giant PGE…     

The 'zero charge' partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting

Noble-gas geochemistry is an important tool for understanding planetary processes from accretion to mantle dynamics and atmospheric formation. Central to much of the modelling of such processes is the crystal-melt partitioning of noble gases during mantle melting, magma ascent and near-surface degassing. Geochemists have traditionally considered the 'inert' noble gases to be extremely incompatible elements, with almost 100 per cent extraction efficiency from the solid phase during melting processes. Previously published experimental data on partitioning between crystalline silicates and melts has, however, suggested that noble gases approach compatible behaviour, and a significant proportion should therefore remain in the mantle during melt extraction. Here we present experimental data to show that noble gases are more incompatible than previously demonstrated, but not necessarily to the extent assumed or required by geochemical models. Independent atomistic computer simulations indicate that noble gases can be considered as species of 'zero charge' incorporated at crystal lattice sites. Together with the lattice strain model, this provides a theoretical framework with which to model noble-gas geochemistry as a function of residual mantle mineralogy.     

Oxygen-isotope evidence for recycled crust in the sources of mid-ocean-ridge basalts

Mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) are the most abundant terrestrial magmas and are believed to form by partial melting of a globally extensive reservoir of ultramafic rocks in the upper mantle. MORBs vary in their abundances of incompatible elements (that is, those that partition into silicate liquids during partial melting) and in the isotopic ratios of several radiogenic isotope systems. These variations define a spectrum between 'depleted' and 'enriched' compositions, characterized by respectively low and high abundances of incompatible elements. Compositional variations in the sources of MORBs could reflect recycling of subducted crustal materials into the source reservoir, or any of a number of processes of intramantle differentiations. Variations in (18)O/(16)O (principally sensitive to the interaction of rocks with the Earth's hydrosphere) offer a test of these alternatives. Here we show that (18)O/(16)O ratios of MORBs are correlated with aspects of their incompatible-element chemistry. These correlations are consistent with control of the oxygen-isotope and incompatible-element geochemistry of MORBs by a component of recycled crust that is variably distributed throughout their upper mantle sources.     

A crystallizing dense magma ocean at the base of the Earth's mantle

The distribution of geochemical species in the Earth's interior is largely controlled by fractional melting and crystallization processes that are intimately linked to the thermal state and evolution of the mantle. The existence of patches of dense partial melt at the base of the Earth's mantle, together with estimates of melting temperatures for deep mantle phases and the amount of cooling of the underlying core required to maintain a geodynamo throughout much of the Earth's history, suggest that more extensive deep melting occurred in the past. Here we show that a stable layer of dense melt formed at the base of the mantle early in the Earth's history would have undergone slow fractional crystallization, and would be an ideal candidate for an unsampled geochemical reservoir hosting a variety of incompatible species (most notably the missing budget of heat-producing elements) for an initial basal magma ocean thickness of about 1,000 km. Differences in 142Nd/144Nd ratios between chondrites and terrestrial rocks can be explained by fractional crystallization with a decay timescale of the order of 1 Gyr. These combined constraints yield thermal evolution models in which radiogenic heat production and latent heat exchange prevent early cooling of the core and possibly delay the onset of the geodynamo to 3.4-4 Gyr ago.     

Coupled major and trace elements as indicators of the extent of melting in mid-ocean-ridge peridotites

Rocks in the Earth's uppermost sub-oceanic mantle, known as abyssal peridotites, have lost variable but generally large amounts of basaltic melt, which subsequently forms the oceanic crust. This process preferentially removes from the peridotite some major constituents such as aluminium, as well as trace elements that are incompatible in mantle minerals (that is, prefer to enter the basaltic melt), such as the rare-earth elements. A quantitative understanding of this important differentiation process has been hampered by the lack of correlation generally observed between major- and trace-element depletions in such peridotites. Here we show that the heavy rare-earth elements in abyssal clinopyroxenes that are moderately incompatible are highly correlated with the Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios of coexisting spinels. This correlation deteriorates only for the most highly incompatible elements-probably owing to late metasomatic processes. Using electron- and ion-microprobe data from residual abyssal peridotites collected on the central Indian ridge, along with previously published data, we develop a quantitative melting indicator for mantle residues. This procedure should prove useful for relating partial melting in peridotites to geodynamic variables such as spreading rate and mantle temperature.     

Solid-liquid iron partitioning in Earth's deep mantle

Melting processes in the deep mantle have important implications for the origin of the deep-derived plumes believed to feed hotspot volcanoes such as those in Hawaii. They also provide insight into how the mantle has evolved, geochemically and dynamically, since the formation of Earth. Melt production in the shallow mantle is quite well understood, but deeper melting near the core-mantle boundary remains controversial. Modelling the dynamic behaviour of deep, partially molten mantle requires knowledge of the density contrast between solid and melt fractions. Although both positive and negative melt buoyancies can produce major chemical segregation between different geochemical reservoirs, each type of buoyancy yields drastically different geodynamical models. Ascent or descent of liquids in a partially molten deep mantle should contribute to surface volcanism or production of a deep magma ocean, respectively. We investigated phase relations in a partially molten chondritic-type material under deep-mantle conditions. Here we show that the iron partition coefficient between aluminium-bearing (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite and liquid is between 0.45 and 0.6, so iron is not as incompatible with deep-mantle minerals as has been reported previously. Calculated solid and melt density contrasts suggest that melt generated at the core-mantle boundary should be buoyant, and hence should segregate upwards. In the framework of the magma oceans induced by large meteoritic impacts on early Earth, our results imply that the magma crystallization should push the liquids towards the surface and form a deep solid residue depleted in incompatible elements.