陆地棉LTR反转录转座子的数量分布与功能分析

LTR(Long terminal repeat)反转录转座子是真核生物基因组中普遍存在的一类遗传因子,它们以RNA为媒介在基因组中不断自我复制.在高等植物中,LTR反转录转座子是基因组的重要成分之一.本研究通过多种方法挖掘并注释了陆地棉基因组中的LTR反转录转座子,结果表明陆地棉基因组LTR反转录转座子的Gypsy超家族与基因的分布呈近似的反比关系,而Copia超家族在各染色体的起始端有较多的分布.通过皮尔森相关系数发现陆地棉LTR反转录转座子的拷贝数与染色体大小之间有强相关性.在LTR反转录转座子上游和下游分布的基因具有类似的富集特征,其分子功能主要集中在结合和催化活性等方面.本研究结果加深了对陆地棉LTR反转录转座子的认识,为深入研究棉花基因组提供了重要数据支撑.     

Host genome surveillance for retrotransposons by transposon-derived proteins

Transposable elements and their remnants constitute a substantial fraction of eukaryotic genomes. Host genomes have evolved defence mechanisms, including chromatin modifications and RNA interference, to regulate transposable elements. Here we describe a genome surveillance mechanism for retrotransposons by transposase-derived centromeric protein CENP-B homologues of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. CENP-B homologues of S. pombe localize at and recruit histone deacetylases to silence Tf2 retrotransposons. CENP-Bs also repress solo long terminal repeats (LTRs) and LTR-associated genes. Tf2 elements are clustered into 'Tf' bodies, the organization of which depends on CENP-Bs that display discrete nuclear structures. Furthermore, CENP-Bs prevent an 'extinct' Tf1 retrotransposon from re-entering the host genome by blocking its recombination with extant Tf2, and silence and immobilize a Tf1 integrant that becomes sequestered into Tf bodies. Our results reveal a probable ancient retrotransposon surveillance pathway important for host genome integrity, and highlight potential conflicts between DNA transposons and retrotransposons, major transposable elements believed to have greatly moulded the evolution of genomes.     

山西晋祠公园藻类植物的初步研究

对山西晋祠公园的藻类植物进行初步研究,经鉴定,共有藻类植物47种,隶属于6门,17科,24属.其中,硅藻门种类最多,共计30种,隶属5科10属;其次是绿藻门,有8种,隶属7科7属;再次为蓝藻门,有3种,隶属2科3属;黄藻门3种,隶属1科1属;轮藻门2种,隶属1科2属;最后为红藻门有1种,隶属1科,1属.     

Analysis of DNA methylation variation in wheat genetic background after alien chromatin introduction based on methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism

During the process of alien germplasm introduced into wheat genome by chromosome engineering, extensive genetic variations of genome structure and gene expression in recipient could be induced. In this study, we performed GISH （genome in situ hybridization） and AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） on wheat-rye chromosome translocation lines and their parents to detect the identity in genomic structure of different translocation lines. The results showed that the genome primary structure variations were not obviously detected in different translocation lines except the same 1RS chromosome translocation. Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism （MSAP） analyses on genomic DNA showed that the ratios of fully-methylated sites were significantly increased in translocation lines （CN12, 20.15%; CN17, 20.91%; CN18, 22.42%）, but the ratios of hemimethylated sites were significantly lowered （CN12, 21.41%; CN17, 23.43%; CN18, 22.42%）, whereas 16.37% were fully-methylated and 25.44% were hemimethylated in case of their wheat parent. Twenty-nine classes of methylation patterns were identified in a comparative assay of cytosine methylation patterns between wheat-rye translocation lines and their wheat parent, including 13 hypermethylation patterns （33.74%）, 9 demethylation patterns （22.76%） and 7 uncertain patterns （4.07%）. In further sequence analysis, the alterations of methylation pattern affected both repetitive DNA sequences, such as retrotransposons and tandem repetitive sequences, and low-copy DNA.     

基于EST-SSR标记鉴定猴耳环自由授粉的全同胞子代

【目的】猴耳环是重要的药用树种,具有较好的工业应用价值。利用EST-SSR标记对猴耳环自然群体1株母树的自由授粉子代进行父本鉴定,从而确定全同胞子代,为基于全同胞家系的后续研究提供材料基础。【方法】以自然群体中母树ELS31自由授粉产生的1 489株子代及该群体内挂果的38株候选父本为材料,利用15个EST-SSR标记检测子代多样性和标记多态性,基于最大似然法鉴定各子代的父本,母本父本均相同的子代即构成全同胞家系,并估算群体内花粉传播距离,检验各父本对应的全同胞家系的多样性,通过卡方检验判断标记是否合乎预期的孟德尔分离比。【结果】15个EST-SSR标记的引物(对)共扩增出89个等位片段。子代群体期望杂合度(H_e)为0.525,表明群体多样性为中等水平;基于自然群体18株无亲缘关系的单株估算的标记平均多态性信息量(PIC)为0.736,表明标记多态性高。在1 489株自由授粉的子代中,确定了857株子代(57.6%)的34株父本。子代数最多的10个父本产生的子代数为26~184株,其他24个父本仅共产生子代139株。未发现自交子代,表明猴耳环是异交物种,自交的可能性极低。对子代数量20株以上的10个父本对应的全同胞家系观测杂合度(H_o)为0.502~0.693,H_e为0.417~0.544,各家系均是H_o大于H_e,表明存在一定程度的杂合子过剩。花粉传播的范围为10.0~559.1 m,平均119.2 m,但主要传播距离在150 m以内。716株子代(83.5%)的父本(10株)与母树距离在150 m以内。距离最远的父本ELS01 (559.1 m)和ELS02 (552.2 m)分别仅产生了9和12株子代。15个标记在子代20株以上的部分或全部全同胞家系中均有不同程度的偏分离,平均每家系的偏分离标记数为8.6个;偏分离最严重的是标记ARCeSSR141,在父本ELS30的全同胞家系中卡方(χ²)值为164.55。【结论】基于15个EST-SSR标记鉴定了猴耳环自然群体1株母本的1 489株自由授粉子代的父本,获得了子代20株以上的10个父本的全同胞家系。这为后续遗传测定、遗传图谱构建和数量性状位点定位等研究提供了材料基础。     

马尾松子代测定及优良家系选择

以15 a生马尾松子代林为研究对象,通过调查51个家系及1个对照的树高、胸径、地径等生长性状,计算其家系遗传力、单株遗传力、变异系数等遗传参数.结果表明:不同家系间树高、胸径、材积等性状存在极显著差异;树高、胸径、材积变异系数分别为12.37%,27.55%和57.85%,优树子代性状生长表现较好,具有较大的遗传变异潜力;树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力分别高达79.87%,65.23%和66.6%.以各性状平均值+1/4标准差为临界值,按材积、胸径、树高4∶3∶3进行综合评价,选择7个生长表现好的家系,其树高、胸径、材积平均值为11.08 m,14.45 cm和0.095 9 m3,分别比对照高6.6%,21.3%和37.8%,平均遗传增益分别为4.22%,7.84%和18.29%.     

中国蚯蚓名录补遗

根据国内外蚯蚓分类研究进展,并查阅有关我国蚯蚓分类及分布资料,本文对我国的蚯蚓名录作一增补。     

吉首市维管植物科的区系性质

吉首市地处云贵高原东缘, 境内有维管植物186 科, 662 属, 1 534 种. 从科的等级水平对其区系分析表明, 这些维管植物中有蕨类植物 29科, 区系成分为世界分布 9 科、 热带分布 8 科、 热带至亚热带分布 11科、 温带分布 1 科, 以热带至亚热带分布比重最大,占 37. 93%; 裸子植物 5科, 除 1科为世界分布外,其余 4 科都是亚热带区系的代表;被子植物 152 科,其中世界分布 33科、 热带分布 8科、 热带至亚热带分布 40 科、 热带至温带分布 38 科、 亚热带至温带分布 10科、 温带分布 16科、 亚洲特有科 7 科,以热带至亚热带、 热带至温带比重较大, 两者合计占 51. 32%. 从被子植物的优势科和表征科分析, 38个优势科中除了 13个为世界分布外,另外 25 个也是以热带至亚热带( 9 科)和热带至温带( 11科) 比重较大,两者合计占 52.64%;表征科 14 科,热带至亚热带( 4科) 、 热带至温带( 7科) 占主导, 二者合计占 78. 57%. 以上结果表明该地区维管束植物具有明显的亚热带性质,为热带向温带区系过渡的类型.     

A copia-like transposable element family in Arabidopsis thaliana

The fast generation time, small genome size and extensive genetic map of the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana have made it the subject of an increasing number of studies in plant molecular genetics. As transposable elements have greatly facilitated genetic analysis in a variety of species, we have attempted to identify an endogenous A. thaliana transposable element. We report here the discovery of a family of such elements, which we refer to as Ta1 elements. Sequence analysis of one such element shows that it is closely related to retrotransposons and integrated retroviral proviruses, being bound by a direct sequence repeat and having an open reading frame with clear sequence similarity to the polyprotein of the Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon copia. The sequence of an empty target site of a Ta1 element shows that insertion is accompanied by a five-base-pair target-site duplication and that Ta1 has transposed in the period of time since divergence of two races of A. thaliana.     

马尾松自由授粉子代测定及优良家系选择

用1988年在南宁地区林业科学研究所初级种子园采到的马尾松（Pinus massoniana)自由授粉子代168个无性系的种子,作用田间单亲子代测定,11年观测结果表明,11年生时树高,胸径,材积分别有163,153,156个家系大于对照,分别占参试家系的97．0％,91．0％,92．9％,选择树高相对效应值＞1和胸径相对效应值＞1的优良家系,中选53个家系,中选率为31．5％,其家系子代可望在材积生长上获得30．64％的遗传增益,从遗传力,年龄间的相关程度以及早期选择的风险与效果考虑,家系选择可以在7－8年生时进行初选。     

CENP-B preserves genome integrity at replication forks paused by retrotransposon LTR

Centromere-binding protein B (CENP-B) is a widely conserved DNA binding factor associated with heterochromatin and centromeric satellite repeats. In fission yeast, CENP-B homologues have been shown to silence long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons by recruiting histone deacetylases. However, CENP-B factors also have unexplained roles in DNA replication. Here we show that a molecular function of CENP-B is to promote replication-fork progression through the LTR. Mutants have increased genomic instability caused by replication-fork blockage that depends on the DNA binding factor switch-activating protein 1 (Sap1), which is directly recruited by the LTR. The loss of Sap1-dependent barrier activity allows the unhindered progression of the replication fork, but results in rearrangements deleterious to the retrotransposon. We conclude that retrotransposons influence replication polarity through recruitment of Sap1 and transposition near replication-fork blocks, whereas CENP-B counteracts this activity and promotes fork stability. Our results may account for the role of LTR in fragile sites, and for the association of CENP-B with pericentromeric heterochromatin and tandem satellite repeats.     

猪GPR84基因克隆和组织表达图谱分析

本研究以长白猪(Landrace)小肠cDNA为模板,克隆游离脂肪酸家族受体GPR84基因cDNA全长.GPR84基因cDNA全长1243bp,编码396个氨基酸的前体蛋白,与人、大鼠、小鼠、牛等哺乳动物的GPR84氨基酸序列一致性分别为90.2%、83.8%、82.8%、89.4%;结构分析表明猪GPR84含有保守的七次跨膜结构域.采用RT-PCR方法,对家猪GPR84基因进行组织表达分析.结果显示:GPR84在家猪各组织中均有表达.其在下丘脑,肺,肝脏及肠末端分区等组织中表达量较高.     

41份有芒小麦HMW-GS组成分析

采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯凝胶电泳法,分析了41份有芒小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成.结果表明,在供试材料中共检测到16种Glu-1位点的等位变异,其中Glu-A1位点上有3种亚基变异类型,分别为Null,1,2*,优质亚基为1,2*,Null出现频率为70.73%,2*占17.07%,1占12.20%;Glu-B1位点有6种等位变异,存在的优质亚基为7+8/14+15/17+18,7+8亚基出现的频率最高,为56.10%,其它亚基类型频率依次为:17+18(17.07%)、7+9(14.63%)、13+16(7.32%)、8和14+15(2.44%);Glu-D1位点有7种类型,仅有一个优质亚基为5+10,2+12亚基出现的频率最高,为65.85%,5+10占21.95%,其次2、10、Dy10w、2+Dy10w、Dy10w+12均为2.44%;这16种变异共形成了17种亚基组合类型,其中Null/7+8/2+12组合类型出现的频率最高,占43.90%,其次为2*/7+9/5+10和N/17+18/2+12分别占9.76%,7.32%,剩余亚基组合类型频率均小于5%.该项研究结果揭示的部分有芒小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及其组合类型对小麦品质遗传改良育种具有潜在的利用价值.     

Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

The genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has five chromosomes. Here we report the sequence of the largest, chromosome 1, in two contigs of around 14.2 and 14.6 megabases. The contigs extend from the telomeres to the centromeric borders, regions rich in transposons, retrotransposons and repetitive elements such as the 180-base-pair repeat. The chromosome represents 25% of the genome and contains about 6,850 open reading frames, 236 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 12 small nuclear RNAs. There are two clusters of tRNA genes at different places on the chromosome. One consists of 27 tRNA(Pro) genes and the other contains 27 tandem repeats of tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Ser) genes. Chromosome 1 contains about 300 gene families with clustered duplications. There are also many repeat elements, representing 8% of the sequence.     

渤海湾盐生植物区系的初步调查

对渤海湾盐生植物资源进行了调查与研究,初步统计渤海湾盐生植物共有47科,139属,239种。其中蕨类植物有l科,1属,1种;被子植物有46科,138属,238种,其中双子叶植物有32科,87属,147种,单子叶植物有14科,51属,91种;无裸子植物。并从科、属两个层次对渤海湾盐生植物区系进行了统计分析,得出如下结论：①植物区系基本上属于温带性质;②特有现象无;③中、小属十分丰富,大属相对不发达;④植物区系优势现象不是很明显,有优势科,没有优势属;⑤被子植物在植物区系的组成成分中占据绝对优势。     

Molecular identification of asymmetric somatic hybrids between wheat and Italian ryegrass

Sexual incompatibility between common wheat and Italian ryegrass was an obstacle for transferring useful traits from italian ryegrass to wheat. In order to use those desirable genetic resources to improve wheat and to create new cytoplasmic germplasm, the protoplasts of wheat and Italian ryegrass were successfully electrofused and the somatic hybrid plants were regenerated. Examination with 6 restriction enzymes, 13 probes including 9 mtDNA probes (H454, Pst24, B30, Pro I, 490, B342, pHJ2-7-1, B376, 7), 3 cpDNA probes (pHvc p1, pHvc p5 and pHvc p8) and one nuclear DNA probe-- pTA71 (rDNA) in total 73 enzyme/ probe combinations revealed rich polymorphism between the fusion partners. RFLP analysis indicated that approximately 93.4% of the regenerated plants were true somatic hybrids. AFLP analysis implied that the somatic hybrids were highly asymmetric. The RFLP analysis using mt- and cpDNA specific probes also demonstrated the non-coexistence of mitochondria and chloroplasts from the fusion partners in the somatic hybrid cells.     

陕北高原蝗虫资源调查及区系分析

经调查，陕北高原共计蝗虫2总科8科14亚科27属51种(亚种)，其中对陕北地区农牧业危害严重的属有小车蝗属、星翅蝗属、负蝗属、尖翅蝗属、疣蝗属、稻蝗属等；对陕北高原蝗虫区系进行分析，结果表明：古北种为43种，占84．31％；东洋种1种，占1．96％；广布种为7种，占13．73％。标本保存于河北大学博物馆。