东亚高空大气气溶胶的分布及沙尘输送特征研究

利用长达20 年的SAGEⅡ(stratospheric aerosol and gas experimentⅡ) 资料, 研究了东亚地区5.0 ～15.0 km 高空气溶胶多年时空分布特征和变化趋势, 并研究了东亚沙尘活动对高空及下游的气溶胶输送。发现东亚高空气溶胶水平分布呈现上中下3 层不同的分布特征, 下层 5. 0 ～8. 5 km 高值区对应气溶胶源区青藏高原和西北沙漠地区;中层 9. 0 ～10. 0 km 高值区对应温带气旋高发的中纬度地区;上层 10. 5 ～15. 0 km 表现为低纬气溶胶含量显著高于高纬地区。高空各层气溶胶的空间分布受天气系统的影响具有明显的季节变化。近10 年来东亚高空气溶胶呈减少趋势, 平均光学厚度约下降了0. 016。另外还发现沙尘活动与 5. 0 ～11. 5 km 范围内的气溶胶显著相关, 反映沙尘活动影响的高度范围可以达到整个对流层。定义沙尘暴高空影响指数, 用来分析东亚沙尘暴对下游地区的影响, 发现随着时间推移沙尘逐渐向东移动, 在约 12 天之后可以到达大西洋。     

一次连续沙尘过程中沙尘气溶胶的垂直传输特征

使用WRF-Chem模式,以美国国家环境预报中心的FNL客观分析资料作为初始场和边界条件对2013年3月8-13日发生于中国北方地区的一次连续沙尘天气过程进行了模拟,利用卫星资料和兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站气溶胶光学厚度资料对模拟结果进行了对比验证.结果表明,此次沙尘天气过程有3大沙源地,分别为塔克拉玛干沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠,除腾格里沙漠有3次起沙过程外,其余沙源地均有2次连续的起沙过程.起沙后沙尘气溶胶向西南输送翻越青藏高原东侧向高空输送,在不考虑气溶胶的直接、间接辐射效应以及湿沉降过程的条件下,沙尘气溶胶起沙2 d后到达200 hPa,进入下平流层,强上升运动是其进入下平流层的主要原因.     

中国春季沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应及对气候影响的研究

本文在区域气候模式RIEMS2．0中引入沙尘气溶胶的起沙机制,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式,并在辐射模块中加入沙尘气溶胶的影响,模拟沙尘气溶胶的输送、扩散、沉降等过程以及对辐射的影响．利用此模式得到了1998年春季3、4、5月中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布、沙尘气溶胶的柱浓度分布、光学厚度等物理量及其辐射效应和气候效应．结果表明春季中国沙尘源区主要集中在内蒙古西部的腾格里沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠,中部的浑善达克沙地,南疆塔克拉玛干沙漠东部,河西走廊地区以及青海的柴达木盆地附近,这些地区的起沙率大于5μg／（m^2·s）,最大为65μg／（m^2·s）;沙尘气溶胶柱浓度最大值达0．55g／m^2,出现在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,相应的光学厚度最大值是0．50．沙尘气溶胶使得中国地区地面短波辐射收入平均减小了4．10w／m^2,地面长波辐射收入增大了,＋0．46w／m^2,地面净辐射强迫为-3．64w／m^2,大气辐射收支与地面相反,净辐射强迫为＋3．10w／m^2;同时沙尘气溶胶通过影响到达地面的辐射使得地面有较强的降温,整个模拟区域平均地面气温降低了0．24K,而北方地区地面气温降低了0．37K;沙尘对于降水的影响主要体现在对小雨的影响上,沙尘气溶胶使得模拟区域内小雨减小了20％左右;另一方面,华北地区降水受沙尘气溶胶影响最大,总降水减少了13．8％,而全区域总降水只减少了2％．     

塔里木盆地南缘风动力环境研究

风动力是沙尘天气发生并产生大量沙尘气溶胶的最重要因素之一,是评估某个区域风沙活动强度和沙尘气溶胶潜在释放能力的依据。文章以和田地区为研究区,利用和田市、皮山县、墨玉县、洛浦县、策勒县、于田县及民丰县气象台站观测的1991-2011年的小时风速风向资料,计算了研究区各观测站点的风动力,并分析了其时空变化特征。初步结论如下:(1)研究区年平均风速小于2.0m/s,呈现东西两侧大,中间小的空间分布特征;风速月变化呈现单峰分布态势,风速的高值出现在5-8月份;研究区起沙风风向主要集中在偏W方向,其中以SSW、SW、WSW、W、WNW、NW六个方位为主,合计占到全部起沙风风向的89.9%。(2)研究区输沙势高值中心东侧的民丰县,年均输沙势达173.1VU,合成输沙势为153.2VU,最小值出现在洛浦站,年均输沙势仅有3.2VU,合成输沙势为2.2VU;研究区各站月平均输沙势的高值区也集中在5-8月;输沙势的年际变化呈现较大的波动性,2001年达到最高值,为102.8VU;研究区合成输沙方向主要集中在ENE方向。     

东亚典型站点混合型气溶胶光学特性和辐射效应对比

根据东亚地区沙尘传输路径上人为污染程度的不同,选取AERONET典型站点SACOL、Beijing和Gwangju_GIST站的观测数据,结合SBDART辐射传输模式,对比分析了东亚地区混合型气溶胶的光学特性、辐射效应以及不同程度大气污染对气溶胶混合的影响.结果表明,与沙尘气溶胶和人为气溶胶相比,东亚混合型气溶胶吸收能力最强,特别在可见光波段,导致地表冷却和大气加热效应加强,大气层顶冷却效应减弱. Beijing站比SACOL、Gwangju_GIST站混合型气溶胶浓度更高,吸收能力更强,地表冷却和大气加热效率更强,大气层顶冷却效率更弱.粗模态沙尘气溶胶与细模态人为气溶胶对于混合型气溶胶的生成和辐射吸收能力的增强都有着极为重要的作用.混合型气溶胶在东亚区域重污染(雾霾)过程中有重要作用.     

我国春季大气沙尘气溶胶分布和短波辐射效应的数值模拟

利用已建立的区域气候模式与大气化学模式耦和的模拟系统 ,在气候模式中引入了起沙机制 ,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式 ,模拟沙尘的输送、扩散、沉降等过程 .通过对 1 998年 4月的模拟 ,分析得到中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布情况、沙尘的浓度分布特点和光学厚度特征 ,并且将一次沙尘暴个例与同期卫星观测的气溶胶指数分布做了对比 .进一步模拟了沙尘气溶胶辐射效应 ,发现沙尘气溶胶能减少地面的辐射净收入 ,使南方的大气辐射收入减少 ,使北方的大气辐射收入增加 .由于沙尘气溶胶对辐射的削弱使地面气温有显著降低     

腾格里沙漠东北部地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度变化特征

目的 探究腾格里沙漠东北部地区典型扬沙天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度变化特征，以期为沙尘气溶胶辐射气候效应的数值模拟提供参考。方法 利用EDM 164型颗粒物监测仪对腾格里沙漠东北部地区沙尘气溶胶数浓度进行外场观测，获得了典型扬尘天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的数浓度采样资料。结果与结论(1)腾格里沙漠东北部地区典型扬沙天气过程中沙尘气溶胶质量浓度日变化呈双峰型分布特征，峰值分别出现在上午11时(471μg/m³)和下午16时(500μg/m³)。沙尘气溶胶质量浓度与大气压和相对湿度呈负相关关系(p<0.01),与温度和风速呈正相关关系(p<0.01)。(2)沙尘气溶胶数浓度主要分布在积聚模态内(97%),质量浓度主要分布在粗模态内(92%);沙尘气溶胶数浓度随着粒径的增加而减少，质量浓度谱呈明显的双峰型分布，质量浓度随着粒径的增加表现为先增加后减少的变化趋势，2个峰值分别出现在粒径4.5和2.75μm处。(3)沙尘气溶胶质量浓度谱可以用粗模态1和粗模态2进行对数正态分布拟合，2个模态的峰值所对应的粒度直径分别为2.75和4.5μm。     

基于CALIPSO卫星数据的中国典型区域气溶胶特性

为评估气溶胶的直接和间接辐射强迫,利用CALIPSO卫星2级产品,分析了中国气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的季节空间分布、季节光学属性及其垂直分布特征,结合AERONET观测数据,对气溶胶的季节光学属性进行了验证.结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的退偏振比(PDR)和色比(CR)值最大,东北平原、四川盆地、华北平原和长江三角洲的PDR和CR值最小,黄土高原的PDR和CR值居中,珠江三角洲的PDR值与污染地区一样大,CR值较高.春季沙尘被传输至对流层中部及以上,夏季强烈的垂直对流活动使大量气溶胶被从边界层内带至自由对流层;秋冬季稳定的气象条件使大量气溶胶滞留在边界层内,冬季地面1.5 km内AOD与总AOD的比值及消光递减率均达到了最大值48.25%和0.13 km~(-2),污染严重的地区在边界层内的消光递减率比污染程度轻的地区大.     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及直接气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏两季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加了大气稳定度,减少了地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,两类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏2季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加大气稳定度,减少地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,2类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

Role of atmospheric heat source/sink over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in quasi-4-year oscillation of atmosphere-land-ocean interaction

Using 1961—1995 monthly atmospheric apparent heat source/sink <Q₁> over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) and reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR, and 1961—1994 monthly SST of UK/GISST2, the statistical study is undertaken on the QXP heat source/sink in relation to both atmospheric circulation in Asia and El Niño/La Niña events. It is discovered that there exists noticeable interaction in a quasi-4-year period among the <Q₁> of the QXP, low-level meridional winds east of the QXP, low-level zonal winds in the equatorial Pacific, SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific, and the circulation at mid and high latitudes north of the QXP. They have difference in phase. The cold source intensity of the QXP in winter favours a low-level meridional wind anomaly to prevail in the mainland of China and its coast east of the QXP and to last until the subsequent autumn. The wind anomaly can induce a low-level zonal wind anomaly of the tropic Pacific that finally affects an El Niño/La Niña event in the autumn and subsequent winter. The event in autumn/winter has effect on the deep trough position and cold air track of East Asia in next winter that influences the intensity of the QXP winter cold source.     

Dust storms and loess accumulation on the Tibetan Plateau：A case study of dust event on 4 March 2003 in Lhasa

Whether the Tibetan Plateau is a significant dust source area is of great importance, because this is related to the understanding of sources, accumulation and environmental effects of dusts on the Tibetan Plateau and inthe Far East-Pacific Ocean regions as well as to the evointion of coupling of the Tibetan Plateau and atmaspbere-oeean-continent exchange. Synoptic dynamics and remote sensing tracing of a dust storm on 3 to 5 March, 2003 in Lhasa onSouth Tibet demonstrate that the Tibetan Plateau possessesall factors and conditions of generating dust storms. Accompanied with this dust storm is a strong ascending stream onthe Plateau which has raised various sizes of durst particlesinto different levels. The lifted coarse particles were largelyfallen down and accumulated as loess on the eastern TibetanPlateau, and the fine particles were translated by the westerly jet and subsided in the northern Pacific Ocean. The spa-tial-temporal distribution of dust-storms between years 1961and 2000 ou the Plateau shows that duststorms mainly occurin winter and early spring with high frequency, and tile pathof dust storm moves gradually from south to north, which isclosely coupled with the northward moving of the westerlyjet from winter to spring over the Tibetan Plateau. Com-pared with other twelve dust source areas in China. the Ti-betan Plateau is one of the key dust souree areas for thelong-distance transport because its high occurring frequencyand elevation cause fine particles easily to be lifted into thezone of the westerly jet.     

Spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

Based on observed daily precipitation data, monthly gridded radiosonde upper air temperature and sea surface temperature data from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, monthly surface air temperature from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1961-2010, and discusses the relationship between the change of light rain events and atmospheric stability, sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. The light rain events over East China display a decreasing trend of 3.0%/10 a in summer and winter half years. Over Northwest China, an increasing trend of 4.1%/10 a is found in winter half years, but there is no trend in summer half years. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, it is found that the first two principal components of light rain events over the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere show long time scale variations in summer and winter half years. The first EOF modes (EOF1s) for summer and winter half years both depict a long-term increase in light rain events over North America and Southern Europe as well as Northwest China (except in summer half years), and a long-term decrease over most of the Eurasia (Central Europe, Eastern Europe, North Asia and East China). The second EOF mode (EOF2) for summer half year shows that light rain events increase over North America, Southern Europe and South China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 45°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2010. The second EOF mode (EOF2) for winter half years indicates that light rain events increase over North America and South and North China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 40°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2009. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis suggest that EOF1s may be related to the change in atmospheric static stability associated with global warming, and EOF2s are possibly linked to the AMO.     

Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter surface air temperature and possible causes

Using the NCEP/NCAR and JRA-25 monthly analysis data from 1979 to 2011, this paper analyzes the interdecadal variations of winter (Dec.–Feb.) mean surface air temperature (SAT) over East Asia by means of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method. Two dominant modes were extracted, with the leading mode basically depicting a sign consistent SAT variation and the second mode describing a meridional dipole structure between the northern and southern parts of East Asia. These two modes can explain more than 60% of the variance. The leading mode is closely related to the intensity of Siberian high and the East Asian winter monsoon. The second mode exhibits a notable interdecadal shift in the late 1990s, with a turning point around 1996/1997. Winter SAT in the northern (southern) part of East Asia tends to be cooler (warmer) since the late 1990. Winter sea level pressure (SLP) differences between 1997–2011 and 1979–1996 show negative (positive) anomalies over southern (northern) Eurasia. At 500-hPa, an anomalous blocking high occurs over northern Eurasia, while a cyclone anomaly appears over northern East Asia. In addition, the upper-level East Asian jet stream tends to shift northward and become stronger after the late 1990. Indeed, the interdecadal shift of winter SAT over East Asia is dynamical consistent with changes of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the late 1990s. The result indicates that previous autumn sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northern Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as sea ice concentration (SIC) in the northern Eurasia marginal seas and the Beaufort Sea also experienced obvious changes in the late 1990s. In particular, the interdecadal shifts of both SST in the North Atlantic Ocean and SIC in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas are well coherent with that of the winter SAT over East Asia. The results indicate that the interdecadal shift of East Asian winter SAT may be related to changes in the North Atlantic SST and the Arctic SIC in the late 1990s.     

Case study of longwave contribution to dust radiative effects over East Asia

In order to evaluate the impacts of LW contribution to aerosol radiative effects over East Asia,a dust longwave radiative parameterization scheme is integrated into the online mesoscale dust forecasting model GRAPES_CUACE/dust.A case modeling study shows that about half at surface and one third at TOA of the dust negative shortwave radiative forcing are cancelled by its positive longwave forcing over the dust affected area.In the dust layer,longwave radiation emitting by dust cools the atmosphere,which counteracts about 17%of shortwave heating of atmosphere during daytime and results in cooling of atmosphere simply during nighttime.At the same time,the atmosphere beyond the dust layer is warmed because of absorbing the LW radiation emitted by dust layer.Dust longwave contribution exerts more evident impact on the air temperature in lower atmosphere and surface.The surface air temperature cooling rate resulting from the dust solar radiation is cancelled about 40%by dust longwave warming at daytime.At nighttime,dust longwave contribution warms land and sea surface.The online calculation of dust LW radiation reduces about 15%relative errors of predicted AOD based on the dust model with only SW radiative feedback.This case study result suggests that dust longwave contribution has important impacts on the earth-atmosphere energy process,especially on the surface and in the lower atmosphere and should not be neglected in the study of dust radiation effects.     

Characteristics of atmospheric aerosol optical depth variation over China in recent 30 years

This note retrieves the annual and monthly mean 0.75 μm aerosol optical depth (AOD) by using the daily direct solar radiation and sunshine duration data of 47 solar stations from 1961 to 1990. The characteristic of AOD variation over China in recent 30 years was analyzed. The results indicate that AOD increased obviously over China from 1961 to 1990. AOD increased most rapidly over the east part of Southwest China, the middle-and-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Tibetan Plateau. The increasing trend of AOD is also relatively distinct in North China, the Shandong Peninsula, east part of Qinghai Province, and coastal areas of Guangdong Province. However, in most parts of Northwest China and Northeast China, the increase of AOD is less significant, while in the west part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and some parts of Yunnan Province, AOD shows decreasing tendency. Generally, AOD reaches its maximum in spring and the minimum appears in summer. As to the linear trend, the maximum occurs in spring but the minimum in winter. Among the 47 stations selected in this note, the largest three stations of AOD are Chengdu, Chongqing and Nanchong, respectively, which all lie in the Sichuan Basin, and the smallest value of AOD occurs in Jinghong located in Yunnan Province.     

Seasonal variations of dust record in the Muztagata ice cores

Based on the oxygen isotope ratio and microparticle record in ice cores recovered at Mt. Muztagata, Eastern Pamirs, the seasonal variations of atmospheric dust have been reconstructed for the past four decades. High dust concentrations and coarser particle grains have the similar trend with oxygen isotope value. Our statistical results indicate that 50%--60% high dust concentration samples occur during the season with high oxygen isotope values （summer）, while low dust storm frequency during spring and winter. Back-trajectory analysis shows that the air mass hitting Muztagata predominately came from West Asia （such as Iran-Afghanistan Plateau） and Central Asia, which are the main dust source area for Muztagata. Dust storms in those source areas most frequently occur during summer （from May to August）, while frequent dust storm events in northern China mainly occur during spring （March to May）. Regions in the path of Asian dust transport, such as in Japan, the North Pacific, and Greenland, also show high dust concentrations during spring （from March to May）. Our results indicate that dust storms have different seasonality in different regions within Asia.