煤与页岩低温氮吸附孔隙结构特征与分形特征对比——以阳泉地区山西组15#煤与页岩为例

以山西组高煤级煤与页岩样品为例,通过低温氮气吸附实验研究了样品的孔隙结构特征,并基于FHH分形模型计算了样品的分维值,对页岩与煤层的孔隙分形特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:页岩样品以微孔为主,同时含有一定量的过渡孔,主要的储集空间由微孔和过渡孔提供。高煤级煤样品以过渡孔为主,主要的储集空间由过渡孔提供。在测试孔径范围内,页岩样品的比表面积远大于高煤级煤。页岩的孔隙形态上以四周开放的平行板孔和裂缝型孔为主,具有部分细颈瓶孔,高煤级煤的孔隙形态以封闭型孔为主,反映页岩储层微观渗流能力更强,可能是页岩中游离气比例高于煤层的原因之一。页岩与高煤级煤均具有显著的分形特征,页岩样品分维值高于高煤级煤,说明页岩孔隙的空间结构比高煤级煤更为复杂,非均质性更强;同时二者均具有双重分形特征,页岩渗流孔分维值低于吸附孔,反映页岩吸附孔孔隙结构更为复杂。与页岩相比,高煤级煤渗流孔和吸附孔的分维值均小于页岩,孔径分布集中于过渡孔,有利于煤层气快速到达产气高峰;而页岩孔径分布则集中于微孔和过渡孔,吸附气含量更高,并且过渡孔的孔隙结构以平行板孔为主,孔隙结构特征较微孔简单。     

南堡凹陷古近系泥页岩孔隙结构特征

对南堡凹陷古近系泥页岩采用岩石热解、X衍射矿物分析、扫描电镜观察、氮气吸附测试等实验方法,探讨主要目的层段泥页岩孔隙结构特征。结果表明,南堡凹陷古近系泥页岩具有低孔致密的储层特征,部分样品具有较高的脆性矿物含量,有利于形成裂缝网络;微观孔隙类型主要包括有机质孔隙、粒间孔、粒内孔和微裂缝;微孔和中孔提供了绝大部分比表面积与孔体积,是气体吸附和存储的主要场所;泥页岩孔隙结构主要有细颈长体的墨水瓶孔型、四面开放的平行板型,其中以有利于气体吸附存储的墨水瓶型为主;有机碳含量是控制南堡凹陷古近系泥页岩中纳米级孔隙体积及其比表面积的主要内在因素;石英含量与孔体积有较好的正相关性;脆性矿物对于孔隙有积极的建设作用;有机碳含量是影响页岩吸附气体能力的主要因素。     

页岩纳米孔隙表面分形特征及其影响因素

明确页岩纳米孔隙表面分形特征有助于深化对页岩吸附机理与吸附模型的认识。以五峰组/龙马溪组、延长组页岩为研究对象,基于氮气吸附法孔隙结构参数,计算了页岩纳米孔隙表面分形维数,并与泥岩、致密砂岩分形维数对比,揭示了有机质、黏土矿物等对孔隙表面分形特征的影响。研究表明,五峰组/龙马溪组页岩纳米孔隙表面分维值为2.7~2.9,延长组页岩为2.3~2.7,其分维值取决于10 nm以下孔隙累计表面积大小;页岩分维值与有机质成熟演化阶段正相关,而与有机质含量关系复杂;有机质孔与黏土矿物晶间孔表面均具有明显的分形特征,该孔隙发育是页岩具有表面分形特征的根本性原因,但前者的分维值显著大于后者。有机质与黏土矿物表面呈现高度粗糙性,严重偏离光滑平整特性,因此,甲烷在页岩纳米孔内的吸附属于典型的非均匀固体上的吸附。     

海陆过渡相页岩孔隙结构特征及分形维数研究

页岩孔隙结构的研究是页岩储集性及含气性评价的重要方面。运用低温氮气等温吸附实验对龙潭组页岩储层的孔隙特征进行了测定,通过孔隙分形维数的计算结合岩石矿物组分、有机质含量及热成熟度测试探讨了龙潭组页岩孔隙结构特征及影响因素。分析结果表明:龙潭组页岩孔隙结构复杂,孔隙类型包括一端封闭型的不透气孔、开放型平行板状狭缝及墨水瓶状孔,平均孔径分布在5.38~13.3 nm,平均为7.78 nm,孔径分布呈双峰型分布的特征;孔隙分形特征明显,分形维数在2.49~2.62,平均为2.54;分形维数受有机质特征、矿物成分及孔隙结构特征共同影响,具体表现为分形维数随TOC(有机碳含量)、R_O、黏土矿物含量及比表面积的增加而增大,随长石含量及样品的平均孔径的增加而减小,与石英及其他矿物成分无明显的相关性。     

基于高压压汞法的泥页岩储层分形研究——以松辽盆地青山口组湖相泥岩为例

基于高压压汞数据,以松辽盆地青山口组湖相泥岩为例,首次利用分形理论研究泥页岩孔隙结构分形特征.根据毛管压力曲线和J函数曲线的分形几何公式获得泥页岩过渡孔(10~100 nm)分形维数.过渡孔分形维数与泥页岩组成、结构(有机地球化学参数TOC、S1、S2,孔隙结构)之间关系分析表明:过渡孔分形维数随TOC含量增加而呈现先降低后趋于平缓的趋势;中值孔径相比较平均孔径、最可几孔径,与过渡孔分形维数相关性最强;黏土矿物中不同组分对孔隙的影响不同,从而泥页岩过渡孔分形维数与黏土矿物含量相关关系均较差;石英受自身脆性、溶蚀作用及次生加大等作用的影响,与过渡孔分形维数相关性较差;过渡孔孔隙结构越复杂,非均质性越差,汞越容易滞留其中,退汞效率越低.     

四川盆地长宁地区龙马溪组上、下段页岩储层差异研究

以四川盆地宜宾长宁地区露头页岩为研究对象,综合利用矿物组成测试、有机碳含量测试、阳离子交换容量测试、低压氮气吸附测试、分形理论等方法,对比分析龙马溪组页岩上段和下段的矿物组成分布、有机碳含量分布及孔隙结构的差异,并讨论这种差异对龙马溪组页岩储层特征的影响。研究结果表明,四川盆地长宁地区龙马溪组页岩上段和下段的矿物组成主要以石英和黏土矿物为主,其中上段石英含量低于下段石英含量,上段黏土矿物含量高于下段黏土矿物含量,下段有机碳含量高于上段有机碳含量;相比龙马溪组页岩上段,龙马溪组页岩下段有较低的黏土矿物含量和较高的石英含量,使其水化膨胀能力较低及其有较高的脆性特征;相比龙马溪组页岩上段,龙马溪组页岩下段富含更多的有机质,使其比表面积和总孔容较高,分形维数较大,孔隙结构复杂,吸附气体能力强。     

基于氮气吸附法的渝东南下寒武统页岩孔隙的分形特征

 分形维数是多孔介质不规则程度的度量,以渝东南下寒武统页岩的氮气吸附法测量结果为研究对象,采用FHH 模型的分形维数计算方法,得到渝东南下寒武统页岩的分形维数。研究结果表明,渝东南下寒武统页岩孔隙的分形维数具有明显孔径分界点,即具有双重分形特征,小孔隙分形维数D₁变化范围在2.3559~2.6577,平均值为2.488,大孔隙分形维数D₂变化范围在2.5971~2.8746,平均值为2.7631;大孔隙分形维数的平均值大于小孔隙分形维数的平均值,说明大孔隙结构的复杂程度大于小孔隙结构的复杂程度;页岩孔隙的分形维数与有机碳（TOC）含量、吸附气量、比表面积和孔容呈正相关,其中与孔隙的比表面积和孔容的相关性显著,而与黏土矿物含量呈弱负相关。     

川西坳陷富有机质页岩孔隙特征

采用低温氮气吸附法和场发射扫描电镜对川西坳陷富有机质页岩进行孔隙特征研究。结果表明:川西坳陷富有机质页岩比表面积为3.404~19.473 m2/g,远大于常规储层比表面积,大多数比表面积由微孔和过渡孔提供;页岩具有从微孔到中孔等一系列连续性孔隙,孔隙平均孔径为3.06~7.82 nm,孔隙类型以平行板状孔和一端封闭的盲孔为主,同时有一定量的墨水瓶状孔;页岩比表面积与有机碳含量呈正相关,有机碳含量、热演化程度与孔径呈负相关性,石英等脆性矿物和比表面积有弱正相关性。     

四川盆地南缘骑龙村剖面五峰——龙马溪组黑色页岩孔隙大小特征的重新厘定

以四川盆地南缘习水骑龙村剖面的上奥陶统—下志留统五峰-龙马溪组页岩气储层为例,探讨黑色页岩的孔隙大小特征与气体赋存的相关性。运用氮气吸附法对储层的微观孔隙进行定量测定,通过扫描电镜对页岩孔隙的微观特征进行定性分析,再结合页岩有机碳含量、Si/Al比值,对页岩的孔隙结构特征进行表征:(1)在排除SiO2质量分数>70%的页岩样品(孔隙主要以>1μm的宏孔为主)基础上,SiO2质量分数≤70%的页岩样品的孔隙中3～10nm的微孔,占孔隙总体积的50%～83%(平均值为71%),占比表面积的范围为86%～97%(平均值为94%);(2)甲烷吸附量、Si/Al和有机碳含量分别与3～10nm微孔的孔隙体积、比表面积成明显的正相关。综合表明四川盆地南缘五峰-龙马溪组页岩中孔隙<10nm的微孔才是主要气体存储空间。     

织纳地区龙潭组煤系页岩气储层特征与勘探潜力评价

为查明织纳地区龙潭组页岩气勘探前景,通过分析Z2井龙潭组泥页岩样品的矿物组成、有机地化特征、微观孔隙特征、钻孔泥页岩厚度、分布情况及其含气性特征,研究了龙潭组页岩气储层特征并对页岩气勘探潜力进行评价。结果表明：泥页岩有机质类型为Ⅱ₂-Ⅲ型,且以Ⅱ₂为主,总有机碳含量为1.34%~8.25%,平均值为3.68%,有机质成熟度为0.92%~3.24%,平均值为2.45%,属于高-过高成熟演化阶段,具有较好的生气潜力。扫描电镜结果显示泥页岩样品主要发育四类微观孔隙,包括粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂隙,内部孔隙发育,为页岩气提供良好的储集空间。Z2井泥页岩脆性矿物含量为24.40%~63.08%,平均值为41.22%,泥页岩总厚度为170.74m,占比42%,发育5个有效连续厚度大于15m的泥页岩层,与邻井可形成2个泥页岩层段,适宜进行压裂改造。织纳地区龙潭组泥页岩具备良好的生气条件、储集条件和可压裂性,具有较大勘探潜力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with