金属元素改性后的液化石油气制芳烃催化剂性能评价

利用X射线衍射和红外光谱分别表征了金属元素改性的HZSM-5分子筛液化石油气芳构化催化剂,并且在反应温度510 ℃、进料空速0.25 h-1和系统压力0.1MPa的条件下,利用100 mL固定床实验装置考察了改性金属元素种类、改性金属元素含量和双金属元素改性对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经锌或锌-铝改性后物相基本没有变化,但是改性后催化剂B酸中心减少,L酸中心明显增加,并出现新的芳构化活性中心.在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上,液化气芳构化的芳烃收率比HZSM-5催化剂提高22%,并且催化剂的稳定性明显改善;Zn-Al/HZSM-5芳构化催化剂不仅能进一步提高液化气芳构化的芳烃收率,还能有效延长催化剂的使用寿命;当Zn-Al/HZSM-5催化剂上锌含量为2.0%～4.0 %,铝含量为2.0%～3.0%时,催化剂表现出最好的活性及稳定性.     

金属元素改性后的液化石油气制芳烃催化剂性能评价

利用X射线衍射和红外光谱分别表征了金属元素改性的HZSM-5分子筛液化石油气芳构化催化剂,并且在反应温度510 ℃、进料空速0.25 h-1和系统压力0.1MPa的条件下,利用100 mL固定床实验装置考察了改性金属元素种类、改性金属元素含量和双金属元素改性对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经锌或锌-铝改性后物相基本没有变化,但是改性后催化剂B酸中心减少,L酸中心明显增加,并出现新的芳构化活性中心.在Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上,液化气芳构化的芳烃收率比HZSM-5催化剂提高22%,并且催化剂的稳定性明显改善;Zn-Al/HZSM-5芳构化催化剂不仅能进一步提高液化气芳构化的芳烃收率,还能有效延长催化剂的使用寿命;当Zn-Al/HZSM-5催化剂上锌含量为2.0%～4.0 %,铝含量为2.0%～3.0%时,催化剂表现出最好的活性及稳定性.     

不同类型分子筛对甲缩醛的催化性能

在间歇反应方式下, 研究了以甲醛和甲醇为原料合成甲缩醛反应所需的催化剂. 在30 ℃, 醛醇摩尔比为1∶2, 加入5%（质量分数）的催化剂条件下, 考察了HY, HM , Hβ, γ-Al₂O₃和 HZSM-5等催化剂对该合成反应的催化效果, 从中优选出HZSM-5. 进一步对不同硅铝比和 不同交换度的HZSM-5进行评价. 实验结果表明, 硅铝比为38, 交换4次的HZSM-5分 子筛对该 合成反应具有良好的催化作用, 甲醛的转化率为45%, 甲缩醛的选择性达99%. 该催化剂经 20次重复使用, 甲醛的转化率、 甲缩醛的选择性无明显变化, 表现出良好的催化稳定性 .     

化学液相沉积法改性ZSM-5沸石上的甲苯择形歧化反应:Ⅱ水蒸气处理与反应条件的影响

采用水蒸气对化学液相沉积硅改性HZSM-5催化剂进行了处理,考察了250～500 ℃时水热处理温度对催化剂在甲苯择形歧化反应中的催化活性和对二甲苯选择性的影响.实验结果表明,300～350 ℃时的水热处理效果较好,甲苯转化率和对二甲苯选择性分别达到23.5%和96.5%.在高对位选择性的催化剂上,详细考察了反应温度、反应压力、氢气与甲苯进料比和甲苯进料速率对甲苯转化率、对二甲苯选择性和收率的影响.实验结果表明,高压、较低温度、低液相空速有利于提高对二甲苯的收率,在反应温度420 ℃、压力2.5 MPa、甲苯的质量空速为1.5 h-1、氢烃摩尔比为2～3的条件下,甲苯转化率为25.8%,选择性为94.1%,对二甲苯收率为10.5%.     

裂解汽油在ZSM-5沸石上的芳构化

采用连续流动反应装置,考察了裂解汽油在HZSM-5与金属元素改性的HZSM-5上的芳构化反应,发现锌改性后提高了液体产物中芳烃的收率。为了克服裂解汽油中含硫含焦杂质的影响,提出了获取芳烃的有效工艺:蒸馏除焦-加氢预脱硫-氢气氛下芳构化反应-冷凝产物。用氨吸附的程序升温脱附法,将催化剂的酸性质与其催化芳构化作用进行关联,认为Zn改性后的HZSM-5催化剂具有较温和的酸中心,可能是其芳构化高活性与高选择性的原因。     

间二甲苯在ZSM—5沸石催化剂上的气相异构化反应

本文研究了间二甲笨在HZSM-5沸石上的气相异构化反应的条件,以及催化剂制备方法对异构化活性、选择性和活性稳定性的影响。结果表明,当H存在和重量空速4.3小时~(-1)、反应温度320—420℃的情况下,间二甲苯的转化率为29.3至35.9％,二甲苯异均体中对二甲苯的含量为20.1至22.1％。HZSM-5催化剂对于间二甲苯异构化反应,具有良好的稳定性和较高的选择性。     

HZSM-5/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备及催化性能

以整体式堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体,经预处理后涂覆HZSM-5分子筛,制备出含不同HZSM-5质量分数的HZSM-5/堇青石整体式催化剂。采用XRD和BET对催化剂的结构进行了表征,在常压微型固定床反应装置上评价催化剂的甲醇制烯烃反应性能,并考察了催化剂中HZSM-5分子筛的质量分数、反应温度、气体空速等与烯烃组成分布的关系。结果表明：HZSM-5/堇青石整体式催化剂中仍保持HZSM-5分子筛的XRD特征衍射峰;催化剂的比表面积、孔体积随着HZSM-5质量分数的增加而增加;催化剂中HZSM-5分子筛质量分数为22.5%时具有最好的活性,在反应温度为380℃、气体空速为820mL/(g·h)的条件下,乙烯的选择性为35.22%,丙烯的选择性为30.95%。     

乙苯烷基化择形催化剂——改性HZSM-5分子筛的研究

HZSM-5在不同pH值对Mg~(2+)和Mn~(2+)的吸附量测定结果发现,HZSM-5吸附Mg~(2+)和Mn~(2+)的最佳pH值都在3.0附近。对Mg(Ac)_2/HZSM-5和Mn(Ac)_2/HZSM-5的热分解性能研究结果表明:由于Mg(Ac)_2、Mn(Ac)_2和载体HZSM-5之间的相互作用,使得负载型样品热分解的起始温度比纯Mg(Ac)_2和Mn(Ac)_2低,而完全分解的温度由纯样品的500℃左右提高到550℃左右。镁改性HZSM-5分子筛上进行乙苯与乙醇烷基化反应可直接合成高纯度的对二乙苯。在反应温度38O℃,空速6.9L·h~(-1)下,在Mg(1.5)HZSM-5催化剂上,反应达到稳定后,对位选择性为96％,对二乙苯产率达5.8％。经Mn改性的HZSM-5催化剂上,对二乙苯产率为6.3％,乙苯转化率达7.0％,但对位选择性只有82.3％。经Mg、Mn同时改性的HZSM-5催化性能没有MgHZSM-5好。     

锌改性的ZSM-5分子筛催化C_4烃类芳构化

用Zn盐对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,考察其在混合C_4烃类芳构化上的催化效应和工艺条件。实验表明,Zn-ZSM-5催化芳构化的性能优于ZSM-5催化剂。在反应温度520～530℃、重量空速1.0h~(-1)以及常压不临氢条件下,连续反应8h,C_4～C_8芳烃的收率逸42%(wt),液态烃中芳烃含量高达99%(wt)。催化剂累计反应160h,每反应8h后用空气再生2h,其催化活性仍可保持不变。     

Zn/HZSM-5丙烷芳构化催化剂反应与再生过程的稳定性

对分别用离子交换法和浸渍法制备的 Zn/ HZSM- 5丙烷芳构化催化剂 ,进行了反应与再生过程的稳定性研究。在固定床连续流动反应器上考察了催化剂的结焦行为 ,用NH3- TPD和 TG对结焦催化剂作了酸性、结焦量的测定 ,并进行了 TEM形貌表征 ,表明催化剂上的结焦是造成失活的主要原因。 5 2 0℃下的空气烧炭并不能使催化剂恢复到初始水平 ,但催化剂的芳烃选择性有所提高 ,而失活速率明显降低 ;二次再生的催化剂同一次再生的基本保持了相同的活性和选择性。对经历了 3次反应与再生后的催化剂进行了锌含量测定 ,表明锌的流失相当缓慢。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to