Atmospheric science: stratospheric cooling and the troposphere

Satellite observations of tropospheric temperatures seem to show less warming than surface temperatures, contrary to physical predictions. Fu et al. show that statistical correction for the effect of stratospheric cooling brings the satellite-based estimates of tropospheric warming into closer agreement with observations of surface warming. Here we apply the method of Fu et al. to output from a state-of-the-art coupled climate model and show that simulated tropospheric temperature trends are consistent with those observed and that their method is robust.     

Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future

Atmospheric aerosols counteract the warming effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases by an uncertain, but potentially large, amount. This in turn leads to large uncertainties in the sensitivity of climate to human perturbations, and therefore also in carbon cycle feedbacks and projections of climate change. In the future, aerosol cooling is expected to decline relative to greenhouse gas forcing, because of the aerosols' much shorter lifetime and the pursuit of a cleaner atmosphere. Strong aerosol cooling in the past and present would then imply that future global warming may proceed at or even above the upper extreme of the range projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.     

兰州皋兰山顶春季大气气溶胶的监测与分析

对兰州皋兰山顶春季大气气溶胶连续采样，得到了大气背景、浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴等不同天气条件下的气溶胶质量浓度．通过沙尘天气的过程分析，得到不同沙尘天气条件下，TSP浓度的时间变化规律．与兰州大学小二楼顶的监测数据进行比较分析，可以看出兰州市的污染状况和TSP的时空分布．通过各类沙尘天气不同粒径气溶胶粒子的浓度分析，发现气溶胶粒子粒径的分布规律和气溶胶来源不同．     

北京市夏季大气气溶胶 PM2.5和 PM10成分特征?

对北京市城区2012年夏季大气对气溶胶进行每日PM2.5和PM10石英膜采样,得到了可溶性离子质量浓度和16种元素的质量浓度,并结合气象观测值进行了分析.结果显示,采样期间,PM2.5质量浓度为9.58~210.42μg·m-3,平均值102.81μg·m-3;PM10质量浓度为33.75~288.33μg·m-3,平均值159.66μg·m-3.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度都与采样点能见度、风速呈负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关.质子荧光分析(PIXE)结果显示,S、K、Ca和Fe在PIXE可分析元素中含量较高,在PM2.5和PM10都占89%.且元素Ca、Ti、Sc、Cr、Fe主要存在于粗粒子(PM2.5~10)中,而元素S、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Pb主要存在于细粒子(PM2.5)中.富集因子分析表明,元素K、Ca、Ti、V、Mn、Ni主要为地壳来源,元素S、Cl、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Pb主要来自于人为源.SO2-4、NO-3、NH+43种可溶性离子总质量浓度占PM2.5浓度的43.5%,占PM10浓度的25.4%.     

原始物理问题在大学物理中的教学研究与实践

通过对物理教学中抽象问题和原始问题的分析与探讨,认为基于现象是物理学的根源的观点的原始物理问题的提出与解决,能够帮助人们认清问题的物理本质,给人们以明确的物理图像,有助于人们理解现象的物理实质而不会陷于复杂、盲目的推演之中。在大学物理教学中,引入原始物理问题提出与解决的实践,有助于提高大学生的实践能力和创新能力。