固溶后降温预析出对7A55铝合金力学及腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度测试、电导率测试及透射电镜研究固溶后降温预析出处理对7A55铝合金板材力学和腐蚀性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着预析出处理温度降低,基体析出相粗化且密度变小,导致合金时效后硬度和强度降低;晶界析出的平衡相由连续链状分布逐渐变为不连续分布,连续网状的腐蚀通道转变为断续的腐蚀点,7A55铝合金抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能提高。     

TPR-TPO技术研究甲醇直接脱氢铜基催化剂

TPR-TPO是一种表征负载或非负载的金属或金属氧化物催化剂的高灵敏度技术,用此技术研究甲醇直接俄氢制无水甲醛负载型铜基催化剂Cu/SiO_2和Cu-Cr/SiO_2,动力学活性评价表明Cu-Cr/SiO_2的活性和单程寿命明显优于Cu/SiO_2,XPS和TPR-TPO谱测定,以及催化剂的再生实验结果表明,Cu的还原以及表面积炭是活性下降的主要原因,在高温条件下,铬组份可能以铬酸铜形式存在,使部分铜难还原,并阻碍了铜微晶的聚集。     

Microstructure and strengthening parameters of ultra-thin hot strip of low carbon steel

The microstructure and precipitation mechanism of ultra-thinhot strip produced by CSP technology were analyzed by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), H-800 transmission electron microscope (TEM) and thermodynamics theory. The EBSD results show that the finishing hot rolling microstructures are mixture of recrystallized and deformed austenite. After phase transformation, ferrite grains embody substructures and dislocations that led ultra-thin hot strip high strength and relatively low elongation rate. TEM observations show that there are a lot of fine and dispersive precipitates in microstructures. Most of aluminium nitrides are in grains, while coexisted precipitates of MnS along grain boundaries. Coexisted precipitates compose cation-vacancy type oxides such as Al₂O₃ in the core, while MnS at the fringe of surface. At the same time, reasons for microstructure refinement and strengthening effect were investigated.     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体( M/A)岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明：两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是( Nb,Ti) C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状( Nb,Ti) C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.     

时效近等原子比钛镍形状记忆合金TEM分析

应用TEM分析技术对一种富Ni钛镍形状记忆合金时效后的组织进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,在不同温度下时效析出物的相结构和形态是不同的 .在 6 73～ 773K温度时 ,析出物都是Ti1 1 Ni1 4 相 ,随时效温度的提高 ,析出物的形态由细点状变为透镜状截面的椭圆板 ,这种相与B2母相是共格的 ,它的应变场使R相变与马氏体相变分离 ,Ti1 1 Ni1 4 相的析出会改善钛镍形状记忆合金的性质 .此外 ,在更高温度下时效合金将析出稳定的TiNi3相 ,该相与基体没有共格关系 ,同时导致基体镍含量下降 ,提高了马氏体转变温度 .     

工业硅中杂质相的微观结构及分布规律研究

工业硅中杂质相成分及比例直接影响有机硅单体合成的活性与选择性. 因此,研究杂质相与杂质含量的对应关系尤为重要. 本文通过扫描电镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（EDX）对精炼前和精炼后工业硅中夹杂物微观结构及赋存状态进行了研究. 由于精炼前工业硅的Ca和Al含量较高,其杂质相主要以Si2Al2Ca、Si-Al-Ca和Si8Al6Fe4Ca等为主;而精炼后Fe为主要元素,故其析出相主要包括FeSi2(Al)、FeSi2Ti和Si8Al6Fe4Ca等. 此外,本文通过Image Pro Plus进行统计,得到精炼前硅中Si2Al2Ca和Si8Al6Fe4Ca相分别占夹杂物成分的48%和30%,而精炼后硅中FeSi2(Al)相占比68%,唯一含Ca相（Si8Al6Fe4Ca）仅占夹杂物含量的7%. 本文将精炼前和精炼后的工业硅中杂质相成分及比例进行比较,意为寻找硅中杂质含量对杂质相的影响规律,以制备最佳的下游有机硅用工业硅原料.     

Deep-cryogenic-treatment-induced phase transformation in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

An aluminum alloy (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) subjected to deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) was systematically investigated. The results show that a DCT-induced phase transformation varies the microstructures and affects the mechanical properties of the Al alloy. Both Guinier-Preston (GP) zones and a metastable η' phase were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The phenomenon of the second precipitation of the GP zones in samples subjected to DCT after being aged was observed. The viability of this phase transformation was also demonstrated by first-principles calculations.     

核反应堆压力容器模拟钢中纳米富Cu相的变形特征

提高了Cu含量的核反应堆压力容器(reactor pressure vessel,RPV)模拟钢样品,经过880 cC水淬、660℃调质处理和400℃1000～4000 h的等温时效处理,观察到纳米富Cu相的析出;随后进行20%～30%冷轧变形,采用萃取复型(extractionreplica,ER)和高分辨透射电镜(high resolution transmission electron microscopy,HRTEM)的方法研究纳米富Cu相的变形特征.研究结果表明,镶嵌在α-Fe基体中的纳米富Cu相,在冷轧变形时的变形机制较为复杂,存在多种变形方式.当纳米富Cu相的晶体处于有利取向时,可以跟随基体一起发生滑移变形,表现为"软"颗粒的特性;当晶体处于不利取向时,会发生孪生变形,甚至诱发马氏体相变,有时生成"轮毂辐条"状的孪晶结构,大大提高了纳米富Cu相继续变形时的抗力,表现为"硬"颗粒的特征,因而析出纳米富Cu相会产生明显的强化作用.     

纯铜表面纳米化的微观结构演化及其力学性能研究

利用表面机械滚压处理（surface mechanical rolling treatment,SMRT）工艺在纯铜表面制备出梯度纳米结构层,获得了最表层为取向随机的纳米晶粒、亚表层的晶粒尺寸在厚度方向上呈梯度分布的结构层。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对微观组织进行表征,研究了晶界、位错、孪晶界等微观结构的演化。通过改变SMART工艺参数,在纯铜表面制备出不同厚度的梯度纳米结构层,对比分析了梯度纳米结构层厚度对纯铜力学性能的影响。结果表明：经SMRT后,试样距表面大约5 μm处的显微硬度高达1.56 GPa,其横截面的硬度随着距表面深度增加呈递减趋势;相比于粗晶铜,SMRT后纯铜的屈服强度提高了2倍多,而塑性损失很少,并且SMRT后纯铜的屈服强度随着梯度纳米结构层厚度的增加而提高。     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

高温高压对Bi_(0.45)Sb_(1.55)Te_3热电性能的调控

采用高温高压法在30min内实现从元素粉末(Bi,Sb,Te)到块体纯相Bi_(0.45)Sb_(1.55)Te_3的快速合成,并利用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜及高分辨透射电子显微镜表征样品的相成分和微结构,测试其在室温下的电输运性能.结果表明:高温高压法是一种简单、快速合成块体热电材料的途径;Bi_(0.45)Sb_(1.55)Te_3样品由结晶性良好的典型层状晶体构成;电阻率随合成压力的升高而增加;合成压力为2GPa的样品获得最大功率因子为10.85μW/(cm·K~2).     

Dynamic recrystallization of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges in high-strain-rate plastic deformation

The microstructures in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges after high-strain-rate plastic deformation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the orientation distribution of the grains in the recovered slug was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern (EBSP) technique. EBSP analysis illustrated that unlike the as-formed electroformed copper linersof shaped charges the grain orientations in the recovered slug are distributed along randomly all the directions after undergoing heavily strain deformation at high-strain rate. Optical microscopy shows a typical recrystallization structure, and TEM examination reveals dislocation cells existed in the thin foil specimen. These results indicate that dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur during this plastic deformation process, and the associated deformation temperature is considered to be higher than 0.6 times the melting point of copper.     

Mn和Si对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金组织和性能的影响

通过拉伸实验以及扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)和透射电镜(TEM)分析,研究了Mn和Si含量变化对新型Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金显微组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明,随Mn含量的增加,合金的时效硬化性降低.当添加质量分数0.35%Mn时,合金的Rm变化不大但ReL和Ae明显提高;继续增至质量分数为0.7%Mn时,强度和延伸率均下降,这是由于添加Mn同时增加了粗大夹杂相和细小弥散相的体积分数所致.随Si含量的增加,合金的时效硬化性提高,合金的Rm提高但ReL和Ae降低,时效强化相β″的析出密度增加.     

Aging behavior of a copper-bearing high-strength low-carbon steel

The effects of aging temperature and time on the hardness and impact toughness of a copper-bearing high-strength low-carbon steel were investigated. The hardness of the aged samples reached maxima after 1 h and 5 h of aging at 500 and 450℃, respectively; this increase in hardness was followed by a decrease in hardness until a temperature of 700℃, at which secondary hardening was observed. The impact toughness of the aged steel was found to be higher for 5 h of aging. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of carbide and copper precipitates; also, the secondary hardening could be the result of the transformation of austenite (formed in the aging treatment) to martensite. Differential scanning calorimetry of the steel was performed to better understand the precipitation behavior. The results revealed that the precipitation of the steel exhibited two significant stages of copper precipitate nucleation and coarsening of the precipitates, with corresponding activation energies of 49 and 238 kJ·mol-1, respectively.     

Fabrication of tungsten films by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition

Tungsten films growing on copper substrates were fabricated by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The chemical purity, crystallographic phase, cross-sectional texture, and resistivity of the deposited films both before and after annealing treatment were investigated by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and four-point probe method. It is found that the films deposited at 460℃ are metastable β-W with (211) orientation and can change into α-W when annealed in high-purity hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature. There are small amounts of C and O in the films, and the W content of the films increases with increasing deposition temperature and also goes up after annealing in high-purity hydrogen atmosphere. The films have columnar microstructures and the texture evolution during their growth on copper substrates can be divided into three stages. The resistivity of the as-deposited films is in the range of 87-104 μΩ·cm, and low resistivity is obtained after annealing in high-purity hydrogen atmosphere.     

一种Weldalite 049型Al－Li合金的时效硬化行为

研究了一种Ｗｅｌｄａｌｉｔｅ０４９型Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金的时效硬化特性、室温拉伸性能和时效析出组织．研究结果表明，无论是在人工时效还是在自然时效条件下，所研究的合金都有很强的时效硬化能力．时效前的预变形在人工时效条件下可一定程度地促进Ｔ１相析出，但在自然时效条件下却抑制ＧＰ区的形成，减少时效硬化效果．Ａｇ的添加促进了Ｔ６时效态Ｔ１相的析出，从而减少了Ｔ６和Ｔ８状态的强度差别．     

纳米结构9Cr-ODS钢的微观结构及对氦泡形成的影响

以采用机械合金化和热等静压法制备的纳米结构9Cr-ODS钢为研究对象,利用高分辨率透射电镜和扫描透射电镜的高角环形暗场像等手段分析了9Cr-ODS钢的微观结构特征;利用400keV离子加速器向9Cr-ODS钢及无ODS的Eurofer97钢中注入4×1017/cm2氦离子,对比了氦泡尺寸.结果表明:纳米结构9Cr-ODS钢的平均晶粒尺寸约05μm,存在两种尺寸不同的析出相:超高密度弥散分布的纳米尺度Y2Ti2O7析出相和倾向于在晶界形成的尺寸较大的Mn(Ti)Cr2O4析出相.ODS钢中的氦泡尺寸明显小于Eurofer97钢,说明纳米析出相对粗大氦泡的形成有明显的抑制作用.     

连续挤压Al-1.1Mg-0.3Cu合金的拉伸性能和加工硬化行为

为了提高Al-1.1Mg-0.3Cu合金线杆的拉伸性能,通过金相、透射电镜、扫描电镜显微组织观察和拉伸试验分别对连续挤压态及拉拔退火态合金的微观组织和拉伸性能进行了研究.结果表明:连续挤压成形工艺有助于进一步改善合金的拉伸性能,与传统拉拔后退火处理工艺相比,通过连续挤压工艺制备的合金组织晶粒细小而均匀,沉淀相和位错密度较少,致使合金的延伸率相对较高而加工硬化率相对较低;此外,相比传统工艺,由连续挤压工艺制备的合金拉伸试样断口形貌中韧窝更深、更细小.     

热氧化法在镀铜锌箔上制备ZnO纳米片

温度500℃时,在CuSO₄浸蚀过的锌箔上用直接氧化法制取纳米氧化锌。用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜分别对其形貌、物相、微观结构进行表征和分析。研究结果表明:在500℃氧化硫酸铜浸蚀锌箔可以得到较好的纳米片状结构。经过分析发现氧化锌纳米片厚度为50～100 mm,它由晶粒尺寸10nm的六方晶体组成。用直接氧化法在CuSO₄浸蚀过的锌箔可实现低温条件下制备出纳米片材料,将来可能会成为一种制备纳米氧化锌材料的重要方法。     

Investigation of the stress rupture behavior of GTD-111 superalloy melted by VIM/VAR

The effects of vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) processes on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of Ni-based GTD-111 superalloy were investigated. Samples of GTD-111 master alloy were melted in VIM and VAR furnaces and then poured into a preheated ceramic mold for VIM melt or into a water-cooled copper mold for VAR melt. The as-cast samples were examined radiographically to ensure that no casting defects were present in the final castings; the samples were then heat-treated using a standard heat-treatment cycle. The microstructure of the samples was investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for microanalysis. On the basis of standard ASTM-E139, stress rupture tests were carried out at 1000℃ under a stress of 300 MPa. The results showed that a γ matrix, fine γ' precipitates, a γ-γ' eutectic structure, carbide particles, and some harmful phases such as σ and η phases were present in the as-cast samples. The γ' precipitates with cubic morphology appeared in the matrix after the standard heat-treatment process. The extent of segregation and the amount of γ-γ' eutectic structure formed in the VAR-prepared sample were less than in the VIM-prepared sample. The results of stress rupture tests showed that the rupture time for the VAR sample was 43% longer than that for the VIM sample.