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1.
Isotopic analyses for paleovegetational evolution have been carried out on samples of the pedogenic carbonate nodules in the Red Clay-Loess sequence at Lingtai (35°N), the Loess Plateau. Stable carbon isotopic composition indicates that ( i ) C4 plants might be present at least by7.0 Ma; ( ii ) C4 plants expanded gradually between ~4.0 and ~3.2 Ma, and their biomass fraction was up to 50% ; and (Ⅲ ) the biomass of C4 vegetation since ~2.0 Ma seems to have been decreased to the level (about 20%) before 4.0 Ma. C4 plant expansion at Lingtai cannot be fully understood with the \"global C4 expansion\" model because it occurred much later up to 3.0 Ma than in Pakistan, which indicates that some changes in the regional climatic system may also contribute to C3/C4 shift except changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature. The latitudinal zone for C3/C4 transition seems to move southwards slightly in East Asia, compared with the case in North America where 37°N癗 is the ideal boundary for the C4 expansion. 相似文献
2.
A novel and multi-disciplinary subject involving the relationships between changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout the geological history and features of plant anatomy is reviewed. Particular attention will be given to stomatal parameters (stomatal density and stomatal index) which are recorded at a cellular level in fossil plants and the relationships of these observable parameters to earth life history and global environmental change. Trends of atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Phanerozoic period are briefly introduced and recent conceptual advances in understanding the causal mechanisms for changes in stomatal parameters of land vascular plants are considered. In addition, some of the inherent problems and limitations of this kind of work are discussed and future research directions are presented. 相似文献
3.
Based on the long-term monitoring data on CO2 concentration, variation trend and characteristics of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland are analyzed. Results show that the increasing trend of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland has appeared during the period of 1991–2000. The average annual CO2 growth increment is 1.59 μL/L, and the average annual CO2 growth rate is 0.44%. Distinct seasonal variations of CO2 background concentration are observed, and the averaged amplitude of CO2 seasonal variations is 10.35 μL/L. Regional variation characteristics of CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere and possible impact of human activities on these variations over the Chinese mainland are discussed as well. 相似文献
4.
通过精确的LBLRTM逐线积分模式建立CO_2体积分数变化模型,分析了CO_2的温室效应饱和度,并对未来地表温升的变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明,目前CO_2的持续排放只能使其在680cm~(-1)强吸收带中心达到饱和,而在未来相当长一段时间内,其仍将通过该吸收带的翼区以及1 000cm~(-1),1 350cm~(-1)与1 900cm~(-1)等弱吸收带对地表红外辐射表现出强烈的吸收,CO_2的温室效应还远未达到饱和;如果按照当前CO_22.2(mL/·m~(-3))/a的年排放速率,CO_2的大气体积分数将会持续增加,从而造成地表温度不断升高,到2056年,地表温升将会达到2K. 相似文献
5.
环境中化石燃料的大量使用导致CO2浓度不断增加,这是全球变暖的主要原因。为了解决这一问题,开发一种高效廉价的吸附材料至关重要。以甘蔗渣为碳源,尿素为N源,通过碳化和K2CO3活化制备出N掺杂多孔碳。多孔碳的物理化学性质用N2解吸等温线、傅里叶红外光谱、元素分析、扫描电子显微镜观察和X射线衍射等方法进行表征。结果表明:该材料具有高度发达的孔隙、较高的N含量和较高的石墨化程度。当尿素与甘蔗渣混合比是2、碳化温度是800℃、K2CO3浸渍比是3时,多孔碳的比表面积高达2 486.67 m2·g-1,同时CO2吸附量高达250.73 mg·g-1。由此可见以廉价的甘蔗渣制备N掺杂的多孔碳用于吸附CO2具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
6.
采用内蒙古纳岭沟砂岩铀矿床的地下水样,根据其具体成分制备模拟地下水,研究了CO2+O2地浸采铀浸出剂对砂岩铀矿床地下水pH、Eh和HCO-3质量浓度的调控作用。研究结果表明:1)随着CO2注入量增加,地下水的pH迅速降低、Eh小幅度升高、HCO-3质量浓度小幅度降低;随着O2注入量增加,地下水的Eh大幅度升高、pH小幅度升高、HCO-3质量浓度保持稳定;随着NH4HCO3加入量增加,地下水的pH小幅度升高、Eh小幅度降低、HCO-3质量浓度显著升高;CO2、O2、NH4HCO3各自单独作用,对地下水pH、Eh、HCO-3质量浓度的调控结果不符合浸铀的实际要求。2)当CO2的分压为0.08 MPa、O2的分压为0.7 MPa、NH4HCO3的质量浓度为1 040 mg/L时,地下水的pH被调控至6.25,Eh被调控至251 mV,HCO-3的质量浓度被调控至1 027 mg/L左右,符合浸铀的实际要求。 相似文献
7.
The concentration of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7% · a−1 from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±25.9) μmol · mol−1 in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO2 source and increasing biotic CO2 sink contribute to the drop of CO2 concentration from 1995 to 2000. The seasonal variation of CO2 concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (426.8±20.6) μmol · mol−1, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1) μmol·mol−1. The seasonal variation of CO2 concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO2 concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO2 concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7 μmol·mol−1. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration in winter and autumn regulated the interannual trend of atmospheric CO2, whereas the interannual variation of CO2 concentration in summer affected the general tendency of atmospheric CO2 in a less degree. 相似文献
8.
将CO_2注入地下油藏用于驱替原油是减少温室气体的排放及提高原油采收率的一种有效方法。CO_2注入地层后会与地层流体和岩石发生反应,其中岩石组成中的碳酸盐矿物极易与CO_2和水发生反应导致储层岩石物性发生改变。论文以方解石为代表样品,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),电诱导双等离子体原子排放光谱测定仪(ICP-AES),扫描电镜(SEM)及在5 MPa压力下填砂模型的试验方法进行评价,分别考察了方解石的矿物学性质、CO_2-水-方解石反应前后方解石的表面物性、反应前后溶液的离子浓度变化及方解石填砂模型与CO_2、水反应后渗透率的变化。实验结果表明,与CO_2和水反应后,方解石出现溶蚀现象;反应压力增加,方解石溶蚀现象增加,反应后溶液中Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度增加;反应温度增加,方解石溶蚀现象增加,反应后溶液中Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度先增加,后降低;与CO_2和水反应后的方解石/石英砂填砂模型水测渗透率增加。 相似文献
9.
利用故障树分析法,结合油田CO_2驱和埋存示范区泄漏及环境监测结果,对油藏埋存CO_2发生泄漏的途径和泄漏机制进行分析,并对CO_2驱和埋存示范区进行环境监测。结果表明:对圈闭性很好的油藏,井的密封性失效(包括套管和井口设施损坏)、固井不完善及水泥环腐蚀是造成CO_2泄漏的主要原因;整体上,埋存于地下的CO_2没有发生大规模的泄漏,但在近井土壤中CO_2含量有增加的趋势,越靠近井口土壤中CO_2含量越大,表明CO_2通过井内套管柱或不完整水泥环发生了微量泄漏。故障树分析结果对CO_2埋存区的泄漏监测和预防具有指导意义。 相似文献
10.
Plant root growth is generally stimulated under elevated CO2. This will bring more carbon to the below-ground through root death and exudate. This potential increase in below-ground carbon sink may lead to changes in long-term soil sequestration and relationship between host plants and symbions. On the other hand, changes in litter components due to the changes in plant chemical composition may also affect soil processes, such as litter decomposition, soil organic matter sequestration and hetero-nutritional bacteria activities. These issues are discussed. 相似文献
11.
广东韩江流域化学风化作用及大气CO2消耗的分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
岩石的风化作用与碳循环有着极为密切的联系。韩江流域处于湿热地区,是广东省除珠江流域以外的第二大流域。对韩江水系进行了系统采样、测试分析显示,河水水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,其次是SO24-和Na+。Gibbs图分析表明,韩江流域河水离子成分主要来源于岩石的风化释放;相关分析和因子分析则表明,蒸发盐岩、碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩风化过程对河水离子的贡献率分别为33.4%、27.7%和为10.5%。大气中的CO2通过参与岩石的化学风化过程对河水中溶解质的贡献率为20.2%。韩江流域河水中HCO3-有50.2%来自大气CO2,由此估算韩江流域岩石化学风化对大气CO2的消耗量为73.33×108mol/a。在主要支流中,由大到小的顺序是汀江、石窟河、宁江、五华河和梅潭河,分别为28.08×108,13.26×108,10.22×108,5.17×108和2.90×108mol/a。韩江流域岩石化学风化对大气CO2的消耗率为252.2×103mol/(km2·a)。各主要支流中岩石化学风化对大气CO2消耗率最高的是宁江,为718.55×103mol/(km2·a),其次是石窟河360.14×103mol/(km2·a),再依次递减的是五华河282.04×103 mol/(km2·a),汀江237.73×103 mol/(km2·a),梅潭河181.18×103mol/(km2·a);韩江流域的平均化学风化率为54.11 t/(km2·a),各主要支流由高到低依次为,宁江最高140.5 t/(km2·a),石窟河71.2 t/(km2·a),汀江52.39 t/(km2·a),五华河51.02 t/(km2·a),梅潭河38.04 t/(km2·a)。 相似文献
12.
Conclusions The initial slope of A/ light curve became steep under high CO2 (700 μmol · mol-1) compared with that under low CO2 (350 μmol · mol-1) for the C3 species growing in very high CO2(>2 200 μmol · mol-1) for a long period. The light compensation points remained unchanged, but the light saturation points were found increased. The ϕm,app and Amax of the C3 species increased respectively by 79 % and 80 %, while those of C4 species decreased by 10% and 14%, respectively. The shape of A/light curve of C4 species did not change. Such results indicated that C3 species increased the capacity of photosynthesis, while C4 did not change, otherwise it decreased a little. This work only compared the changes of capacity in photosynthesis of some species under different CO2 levels in Biosphere 2. We need further investigation on the effects of high CO2 on the same species outside Biosphere 2, in order to fully undertand the effects and mechanism of response of plants to the elevated CO2. 相似文献
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14.
针对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚系列非离子表面活性剂,利用高温高压可视化泡沫仪,在不同温度、压力和矿化度条件下对CO2泡沫性能进行测试,分析(聚氧乙烯基)EO聚合度、矿化度、压力和温度对CO2泡沫性能的影响。同时通过驱替试验对CO2泡沫作为驱油剂的封堵和流度控制能力进行测试,并与高温高压泡沫仪的试验结果进行对比,分析泡沫仪测试的泡沫综合性能指数与泡沫在驱替试验中的阻力系数的相关性。结果表明:随着EO聚合度的增大,表面活性剂的亲水性增加,所产生CO2泡沫的性能及稳定性提高;泡沫液矿化度增大、压力增大和温度升高都会导致CO2泡沫性能下降。驱替试验结果揭示了表面活性剂分子结构对CO2泡沫的影响,对CO2泡沫用非离子表面活性剂的设计和性能提高具有指导意义。 相似文献
15.
CO2作为全球温室气体,正在危害人类赖以生存的环境,而工业上现正在大力发展有机胺溶液用于脱除烟气中的CO2,并已得到了广泛的应用和极好的发展趋势.由于三乙烯四胺(TETA)溶液具有稳定性好、吸收效率高等优势,再对比传统胺试剂试验的浓度,试验选取0.2~0.8 mol/L体积浓度范围的TETA作为吸收剂吸收模拟烟气中的CO2.当温度在25~40℃时,其温度对CO2吸收速率的影响不明显;当溶剂体积浓度在0.2~0.8 mol/L和CO2体积分数在10%~18%时,溶剂体积浓度和CO2体积分数对CO2吸收速率的影响明显. 相似文献
16.
以硝酸铈为前驱物,以尿素为助剂,采用一种简单的模板法合成了介孔氮掺杂CeO2材料.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、吸附-脱附仪(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等设备对合成材料进行表征.多种测试结果证明:试验得到的纳米材料具有均一的介孔结构和较高的比表面积(124.8 m2·g-1)并掺杂了氮元素.同时,测定了介孔CeO2材料对于CO2的吸附性能,并研究了氮掺杂对CeO2材料的CO2吸附性能的影响.结果表明:相比未掺杂氮的介孔CeO2,氮掺杂的介孔CeO2具有更好的CO2吸附性能和循环吸附脱附性能. 相似文献
17.
Dali Wang 《科学通报(英文版)》1999,44(13):1153-1153
Global CH4 emission may increase under CO2 enrichment condition, which is projected for the future. CO2 enrichment could affect CH4 emission in two ways: (i) Photosynthesis of plants that also include plants in rice paddies and natural wetlands will be stimulated under CO2 enrichment condition. CH4 emission rate may be increased due to the accumulation of more plant biomass, root exudes and soil organic matters. (ii) Combined with other global warming forces, CO2 enrichment may bring a change of atmospheric temperature and precipitation around the world. CH4 emission will also be changed with the variation of the area and distribution of rice paddies and natural wetlands. 相似文献
18.
为了深入了解混相调节剂降低CO_2/原油最小混相压力的作用,测试CO_2混相调节剂降低最小混相压力的机理,开展了室内实验,并深入研究调节剂的效果。实验结果表明,混相调节剂可以降低CO_2/原油表面张力、促进CO_2抽提原油轻质组分效果、增加CO_2在原油中溶解度、降低原油黏度的作用;其中,主要的机理为降低表面张力和提高抽提轻质组分效果;当原油中调节剂质量浓度达0.3%以上,气液表面张力消失,达到混相;加入调节剂后,采出端气体突破时,CO_2萃取、抽提轻质烃体积百分数增加14倍以上。调节剂作用机理研究,深入了对调节剂改善CO_2驱油效果的认识,并对进一步筛选和研发新型调节剂具有指导意义。 相似文献
19.
CO_2能有效降低原油黏度、溶解储层中的胶质、提高储层渗透率,对开采低渗、特低渗透油藏有很好的应用前景;而研究CO_2对地层油高压物性的影响具有重要指导意义。针对曲塘区块这一典型低渗透油藏,采用PVT地层流体分析仪,测定了张3B井地层油溶有不同气量CO_2后的高压物性。结果表明:随地层油中溶解CO_2增多,泡点压力及体积系数大幅升高、地层油密度减小。当CO_2溶解度为44 m3(标)/m3时,泡点压力与CO_2溶解度的关系曲线出现拐点呈\"凸\"型,说明溶有大量CO_2的地层油对后续注入CO2的溶解起到了促进作用。当压力高于泡点压力时,体积系数和密度与压力呈很好的线性关系,体积系数曲线的斜率(绝对值)、截距与CO_2溶解度呈正比;而密度曲线呈反比。此外,CO_2对地层油具有很好的降黏效果,当CO_2溶解度为83 m3(标)/m3时,其降黏率达到了38%。 相似文献
20.
通过川西亚高山野外大型控制实验,研究了红桦不同密度下的根系生物量、根际土壤微生物数量和根际土壤酶活性对短期升高温度(ET,相对室外平均升温2.4±0.4 ℃)、升高大气CO2浓度(EC,平均增加15.5±1.0 μmol·L-1)及交互作用(ETC,生长室相对室外平均升温2.2±0.5 ℃并CO2浓度平均增加15.8±1.2 μmol·L-1)的响应.初步结果表明:升高大气温度或CO2浓度均能够显著促进红桦低密度和高密度下单株根系生物量;升高温度和CO2浓度及二者共同升高对微生物类群和数量影响不同,升高温度细菌、真菌数量以及低密度下放线菌数量显著增加,而高密度下放线菌数量显著下降;升高CO2浓度下高密度时细菌和真菌数量增加而低密度下均显著下降;升高温度(ET)显著抑制高、低密度下红桦根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性,升高CO2(EC)根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性在2种密度条件下均不同程度升高,土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性则降低;ETC条件下,根际土壤多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶在2种密度下均表现出不同程度的降低,但脲酶活性在高、低密度条件下对ETC表现出不同的响应结果. 相似文献