硅藻硅质壳氧化锌纳米材料的制备与表征

建立溶液配位反应-沉淀反应多重平衡合成前驱体的方法,成功合成了基于海洋硅藻硅质壳三维多孔状结构的氧化锌纳米材料,并使用扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、透射电子显微镜及能谱仪（TEM-EDS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）对其进行了表征。同时,对硅藻硅质壳结构氧化锌纳米材料进行了发光性能的分析和比较研究。结果表明硅藻硅质壳模板合成后的氧化锌材料在蓝绿光可见区（400～550 nm）有光致发光效应,与模板合成前相比光致发光性能上提高了14.55%。     

Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection

Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two 'shells' (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate. We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.     

Temperature-induced fractionation of oxygen isotopes of diatom frustules and growth water in Lake Sihailongwan in Northeast China

Diatom oxygen isotopes have been widely applied in quantitative reconstruction of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment, but have rarely been reported in China. In the present study, Lake Sihailongwan in Northeast China was selected for detailed investigation of oxygen isotopic fractionation between diatom frustules and lake water induced by growth temperature. This study involved a 2-year period of field monitoring of the lake water temperature at multiple depths and biweekly collections of traps for both sediment and water at shallow and bottom depths (7 and 49 m below the lake surface, respectively), diatom separation and purification of the trap sediments, and oxygen isotope measurement for diatom silica and lake water samples. The conditioned experiment conducted herein demonstrated that the laboratory device, methods and techniques used in this study were capable of generating reliable data for the typical oxygen isotope composition of diatom frustules. The data obtained revealed a prominent linear relationship between the oxygen isotope composition of the modern diatom and lake temperature during growth. The fractionation coefficient was about −0.185‰/°C−0.238‰/°C in the temperature range of 3.6–24°C, which is consistent with the observations from various aquatic environments and laboratory culture with different diatom taxa. These findings provide strong support for the dominant control of the growth temperature on the oxygen isotope fractionation between the diatom frustules and ambient water. A notable difference in the fractionation coefficient was observed between the surface and bottom diatom oxygen isotopes, suggesting that various depositional processes and taphonomic effects influenced the surface and bottom trap samples. Another factor leading to this difference may be that enrichment by evaporation and dilution by rainfall have a stronger influence on the surface. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate significant progress in evaluation of diatom oxygen isotopes in China and draw attention to the differences between surface and bottom diatom oxygen isotope compositions.     

蛋白基柔性材料的介观重构及其光电子器件

自然界中的蛋白质材料具有天然丰度、多种化学成分、可调控的性能、优异的生物相容及可降解性能等特点,为柔性光电子器件的发展提供了新的机遇.然而,蛋白质化学稳定性差、机械柔性不可控等缺点使得传统加工技术难以应用在其表面,严重制约了其在柔性电子领域的应用.本文首先以丝蛋白和角蛋白为例介绍了天然蛋白材料的介观重构以及加工技术,阐述了天然蛋白质材料的多级网络结构与其物理性能的关系.在此基础上,侧重介绍它们在柔性传感、发光、晶体管及存储等器件中的应用,最后展望了蛋白基柔性材料在光电子器件发展中所面临的挑战以及发展机遇.     

Progression of the silicate cathode materials used in lithium ion batteries

Poly anionic silicate materials,which demonstrate a high theoretical capacity,high security,environmental friendliness and low-cost,are considered one of the most promising candidates for use as cathode materials in the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.This paper summarizes the structure and performance characteristics of these materials.The effects of different synthesis methods and calcination temperature on the properties of these materials are reviewed.Materials that demonstrate low conductivity,poor stability,cationic disorder or other drawbacks,and the use of various modification techniques,such as carbon-coating or compositing,elemental doping and combination with mesoporous materials,are evaluated as well.In addition,further research topics and the possibility of using these kinds of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries are discussed.     

电解质水溶液研究进展及其在石油工业中的应用

综述了电解质水溶液热力学性质和结构研究的各种方法、近年来取得的巨大进展以及电解质水溶液在石油工业中的广泛应用 ,展望了电解质水溶液的研究前景 .简述了电解质水溶液研究的半经验理论和统计热力学理论等理论方法、多种结构和实验方法以及 3种计算机模拟方法 ;介绍了电解质水溶液在石油开采、储运、加工等领域的广泛应用和应用中出现的问题 .电解质水溶液理论研究的发展将为其在石油工业中的应用提供可靠的基础     

MoSi2基复相材料的研究进展

通过对MoSi2复相材料近年来研究进展的总结,阐述了合金化和复合化对MoSi2基复相材料性能的改善,着重叙述了MoSi2-SiC系复相材料的制备方法,以及增强相的含量对力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,通过基体的改性和复合化,使复相材料的强韧性得到很大程度的提高,而不同的制备工艺所得到材料的性能有成倍的差异。因此,协同优化增强剂种类、数量和多种制备工艺的有机结合,是制备高性能复相材料的关键;同时,介绍了同种有发展前景的复相材料,并提出了MoSi2基复相材料的研究发展趋势。     

结构胶接接头湿热环境耐久性研究概述

相比于传统机械连接,如铆接、焊接和螺栓连接,结构胶接技术有着诸多优势,近年来在很多工业领域得到了广泛应用。由于胶黏剂本身具有高分子聚合物材料的特性,使得胶接接头的环境耐久性成为关乎工程结构连接可行性和长期服役可靠性的关键问题。在概述结构胶接接头湿热环境耐久性研究工作的基础上,分别从影响胶接结构性能的环境湿度、温度及其耦合作用等角度展开讨论,介绍了国内外研究人员取得的研究进展和成果。指出了今后的研究方向:结合多种观测尺度下的环境老化试验和数值仿真方法,探究胶层吸湿、蠕变、热膨胀和吸湿膨胀等环境老化行为,利用模型预测方法模拟其在多场耦合工况下的多种力学性能退化行为,从而为胶接结构的工程设计和应用提供更加可靠的理论建模和试验数据支持。     

人类终极能源梦——太阳光分解水制氢研究进展

 利用太阳光分解水制备氢气,从太阳照射能量中直接获得大功率的动力能源,被认为是人类能源的终极梦想.本文介绍了太阳光催化分解水制氢的原理,阐述了光解水对光催化材料的热力学和动力学要求.重点从新型光催化材料研发、共催化复合体系构筑、纳米形貌调控、器件化设计等4个方面综述了近年来国内外光解水制氢关键材料和技术的研究进展.结合实际应用,对制氢体系中牺牲剂应用、模拟自然光合作用、光解海水、光催化剂稳定性等方面的研究进行了分析.展望了未来太阳光催化分解水制氢技术的发展方向.     

氮化硅陶瓷添加剂和制备工艺的研究进展

随着对氮化硅陶瓷研究的不断深入,其热学性能、介电性能有了极大的改善,使之可应用在电子器件等领域。总结了制备氮化硅陶瓷材料所使用的烧结助剂,包括氧化物烧结助剂、非氧化物烧结助剂和其他烧结助剂;比较了氮化硅陶瓷材料的烧结方式,包括热压烧结、气压烧结、放电等离子烧结、无压烧结和反应烧结;论述了与氮化硅相关的复合材料的研究进展;展望了氮化硅陶瓷材料研究的发展趋势。     

碳膜材料的热学性能及研究进展

基于碳材料独特的结构,概述了其优异的热学性能以及作为散热材料在电子器件散热领域中的应用。着重介绍了石墨烯膜、碳纳米管膜和石墨膜材料的研究进展,同时阐述了影响碳膜材料热导率的关键结构及其控制方法,最后提出了发展高导热碳基复合材料的研究策略以及面临的挑战。     

熔体静电纺丝技术研究进展

熔体静电纺丝技术作为一种不使用溶剂的超细纤维绿色制备工艺，在高性能无纺布、生物医药和高效过滤等方面有着广泛的应用。本文简单回顾了熔体静电纺丝研究历史，阐述了熔体静电纺丝工艺特点，综述了近年来熔体静电纺丝工艺、材料、装置及应用新进展，介绍了笔者团队熔体微分静电纺丝技术，并在最后提出几点对未来熔体静电纺丝研究重点的看法。通过本文，以期增进对超细纤维绿色制造新理论、新方法和新装备的认识。     

An efficient room-temperature silicon-based light-emitting diode

There is an urgent requirement for an optical emitter that is compatible with standard, silicon-based ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) technology. Bulk silicon has an indirect energy bandgap and is therefore highly inefficient as a light source, necessitating the use of other materials for the optical emitters. However, the introduction of these materials is usually incompatible with the strict processing requirements of existing ULSI technologies. Moreover, as the length scale of the devices decreases, electrons will spend increasingly more of their time in the connections between components; this interconnectivity problem could restrict further increases in computer chip processing power and speed in as little as five years. Many efforts have therefore been directed, with varying degrees of success, to engineering silicon-based materials that are efficient light emitters. Here, we describe the fabrication, using standard silicon processing techniques, of a silicon light-emitting diode (LED) that operates efficiently at room temperature. Boron is implanted into silicon both as a dopant to form a p-n junction, as well as a means of introducing dislocation loops. The dislocation loops introduce a local strain field, which modifies the band structure and provides spatial confinement of the charge carriers. It is this spatial confinement which allows room-temperature electroluminescence at the band-edge. This device strategy is highly compatible with ULSI technology, as boron ion implantation is already used as a standard method for the fabrication of silicon devices.     

现代高速船结构设计问题

讨论了现代高速船的载荷，建造材料和结构形式的选择，结构设计方法及安全准则等问题，指出进行高速船流固耦合分析和结构设计方法研究的重要性和迫切性。     

TiAl金属间化合物的研究进展

综述了TiAl金属间化合物的研究进展，指出了其应用于高温领域的主要障碍是它的室温脆性与高温强度的不足，进而提出了相应的解决办法；同时分析了合金化对组织与性能的影响及加工／热处理对组织与性能的影响机理，并对TiAl基合金的制备和加工的新工艺进行分类评述。最后从基础理论、制备与加工新技术、TiAl基复合材料的研制等方面指出今后的研究与开发动向。     

磁性介孔二氧化硅的合成及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用

肿瘤发病率的逐年上升,严重威胁着人类的健康和生命,在人类与癌症斗争的过程中发展出了许多具有治疗前景的纳米治疗平台.其中,磁性介孔二氧化硅纳米球（MAG-MSNs）被认为是一种具有研究前景的纳米材料.MAG-MSNs具有易制备、低成本、易改性、生物安全性高等特点,提高了材料的性能,使得材料在光热治疗（PTT）肿瘤及化学动力学治疗（CDT）肿瘤等方面具备了一定的应用前景.综述了具有核壳结构MAG-MSNs的结构特点与制备方法,以及其在肿瘤治疗领域中的研究进展.     

关于钴基单分子磁体的研究进展

单分子磁体是涉及合成化学、材料科学和凝聚态物理等边缘学科的一个新颖课题。设计和合成具有特定结构和物理功能单分子磁体是近年来化学研究的一个热门方向。由于二价钴离子具有高达三个未成对电子,并且具有很大的单离子各项异性行为,因而成为构筑单分子磁体的一类重要金属离子。本文主要介绍了钴基单分子磁体的结构、制备方法、磁性、直流和交流磁化率、低温时不同振荡频率下的磁滞回线等几个方面,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Ab initio determination of solid-state nanostructure

Advances in materials science and molecular biology followed rapidly from the ability to characterize atomic structure using single crystals. Structure determination is more difficult if single crystals are not available. Many complex inorganic materials that are of interest in nanotechnology have no periodic long-range order and so their structures cannot be solved using crystallographic methods. Here we demonstrate that ab initio structure solution of these nanostructured materials is feasible using diffraction data in combination with distance geometry methods. Precise, sub-?ngstr?m resolution distance data are experimentally available from the atomic pair distribution function (PDF). Current PDF analysis consists of structure refinement from reasonable initial structure guesses and it is not clear, a priori, that sufficient information exists in the PDF to obtain a unique structural solution. Here we present and validate two algorithms for structure reconstruction from precise unassigned interatomic distances for a range of clusters. We then apply the algorithms to find a unique, ab initio, structural solution for C60 from PDF data alone. This opens the door to sub-?ngstr?m resolution structure solution of nanomaterials, even when crystallographic methods fail.     

电力系统接地装置腐蚀特性及其诊断技术

接地装置是保证电力设备安全稳定运行和人身安全的重要基础。国内接地装置以碳钢等易腐蚀金属材料为主，随着投运时间增加，难以避免腐蚀断裂等问题，容易引发接地装置腐蚀导致的过电压、跳闸等事故。因此，研究接地装置腐蚀特性及其诊断技术能够有效避免接地装置腐蚀导致的电力事故，具有重大意义。文中从接地装置腐蚀特性的角度出发，介绍了碳钢接地材料的腐蚀机理、常用接地材料的腐蚀特性、土壤的腐蚀特性、电流对接地装置腐蚀的影响；分析了接地装置腐蚀防护措施的特点，对比了电化学腐蚀诊断方法、电网络分析诊断方法、电磁场分析诊断方法3类典型接地装置腐蚀诊断方法的优缺点；根据接地装置的实际腐蚀情况，总结了现有研究面临的挑战。建议下一步研究重点围绕解决不同接地材料之间的腐蚀研究、新型耐腐蚀接地材料研究、接地装置实际腐蚀程度量化、接地装置潜在腐蚀故障诊断、接地引下线腐蚀故障快速诊断等关键问题展开，为准确诊断接地装置的实际腐蚀程度、避免接地腐蚀故障导致的电力事故奠定基础。     

中原城市群城市职能研究

在中原城市群这一区域背景下,运用区位商法对中原城市群9个城市的部门结构进行了初步的分析.运用统计分析法结合各部门所占的比重对城市主导产业进行了分级,并对中原城市群城市职能结构特征进行了探讨.研究结果表明,中原城市群的城市职能以工业职能较为明显,主要是生产性职能,而服务性职能的发展相对滞后;城市职能强度为强烈和较强的比例较少.