关于U－循环环和双循环环

设Ｒ是有单位元的环．我们称Ｒ为循环环，如果加群（Ｒ，＋）是循环群；称Ｒ为Ｕ－循环群，如果Ｒ的全体单位作成的乘群Ｕ（Ｒ）是循环群；称Ｒ为双循环环，如果（Ｒ，＋）和Ｕ（Ｒ）都是循环群．本文利用（Ｒ，＋）与Ｕ（Ｒ）的一些性质讨论环Ｒ的性质和结构，所得主要结果如下：（１）若Ｒ是Ａｒｔｉｎ半单环，则Ｕ（Ｒ）是有限的当且仅当Ｒ是有限的．（２）域Ｆ是Ｕ－循环环当且仅当Ｆ是有限的．（３）若Ｒ是域Ｆ上所有ｎ阶上三角形矩阵作成的环，则Ｒ是Ｕ－循环环当且仅当ｎ＝２和Ｆ≌Ｚ２．（４）若Ｒ是无限环，则Ｒ是双循环环当且仅当Ｒ≌Ｚ．（５）设Ｒ是有限环且｜Ｒ｜＝ｎ＞１，则Ｒ是双循环环当且仅当Ｒ≌Ｚｎ，ｎ为２，４，ｐｋ，２ｐｋ，其中ｐ为任意奇素数，ｋ为任意正整数．     

关于U－循环环和双循环环

设Ｒ是有单位元的环．我们称Ｒ为循环环，如果加群（Ｒ，＋）是循环群；称Ｒ为Ｕ－循环群，如果Ｒ的全体单位作成的乘群Ｕ（Ｒ）是循环群；称Ｒ为双循环环，如果（Ｒ，＋）和Ｕ（Ｒ）都是循环群．本文利用（Ｒ，＋）与Ｕ（Ｒ）的一些性质讨论环Ｒ的性质和结构，所得主要结果如下：（１）若Ｒ是Ａｒｔｉｎ半单环，则Ｕ（Ｒ）是有限的当且仅当Ｒ是有限的．（２）域Ｆ是Ｕ－循环环当且仅当Ｆ是有限的．（３）若Ｒ是域Ｆ上所有ｎ阶上三角形矩阵作成的环，则Ｒ是Ｕ－循环环当且仅当ｎ＝２和Ｆ≌Ｚ２．（４）若Ｒ是无限环，则Ｒ是双循环环当且仅当Ｒ≌Ｚ．（５）设Ｒ是有限环且｜Ｒ｜＝ｎ＞１，则Ｒ是双循环环当且仅当Ｒ≌Ｚｎ，ｎ为２，４，ｐｋ，２ｐｋ，其中ｐ为任意奇素数，ｋ为任意正整数．     

Excellent扩张与Smach积

设Ｒ是有单位元的环，Ｓ是Ｒ的Ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ扩张，Ｇ是有限群且｜Ｇ｜￣（－１）∈Ｒ．证明了Ｒ是右余半遗传环（ＱＦ－３环，ＧＶ－环）当且仅当Ｓ是右余半遗传环（ＱＦ－３环，ＧＶ－环），也当且仅当Ｓｍａｃｈ积Ｒ＃Ｇ是右余半遗传环（ＱＦ－３环，ＧＶ－环）．     

Excellent张扩与Smach积

设Ｒ是单位元的环，Ｓ是的Ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ扩张，Ｇ是有限群且｜Ｇ｜＾－１∈Ｒ，证明了Ｒ是右余半遗传环当仅仅当Ｓ是右余半遗传环，也当且仅当Ｓｍａｃｈ积Ｒ＃Ｇ是右余半遗传环。     

环扩张的Grothendieck群

设Ｒ、Ｓ为含幺交换环，且Ｓ为Ｒ的环扩张。本文讨论了由嵌入环同态ｉ：Ｒ→ｓ所诱导出的Ｇｒｏｔｈｅｎｄｉｅｃｋ群同态Ｋ０（ｉ）：Ｋ０（Ｒ）→ｋ０（ｓ）为单同态的情形，我们获得的结果包含了诸如局部环扩张，代数扩张，Ａｂｅｌ群环扩张等常见的环扩张。     

关于具有足够幂等元的强分次环上的分次Morita对偶

设Ｇ和Г分别是单位元为ｅ和ε的乘群，Ｒ＝＋ｇ∈ＧＲｇ和Ａ＝＋σ∈ГＡσ辊具有足够幂等元的Ｇ－型和Г型强分次环，Ｕ＝＋ｇ∈Ｇσ∈ГＵσ是单式双分次（Ｒ，Ａ）－双模，Ｋ－ｃＵε，Ｍ（Ｎ）是所有Ｕ－反射单式分次左Ｒ－（右Ａ－）模组成的Ｒ－ｇｒ（ｇｒ－Ａ）的完全子范畴，Ｃ（Ｄ）是所有Ｋ－反射单式在Ｒｅ－（右Ａε）模组成的Ｒｅ－ｍｏｄ（ｍｏｄ－Ａε）的完全子范畴。     

Г－环的一致强素根

本文对Г－环引入一致强素Г－环与一致强素Г－模的概念，对Г－环Ｍ定义了一致强素根τ（Ｍ），证明了Ｍ的子集Ｐ是Г－环Ｍ的一致素理想当且仅当Ｐ是某一致强素ГＭ－模Ｇ的零化子。假若Ｒ是Г－环Ｍ的右算子环，我们证明了τ（Ｍ＿（ｍ，ｎ））＝τ（Ｍ）＿（ｍ，ｎ）且若Ｒ是左ｄｕｏ环有τ（Ｒ）＊＝τ（Ｍ），此外，建立了一致强素ГＭ－模与一致强素Ｒ－模之间的关系。     

关于完全素环

设Ｒ是群Ｇ－分次环,若Ｒ的所有分次理想都是分次素理想,则称Ｒ是完全分次素环。证明了分次环Ｒ是完全分次素环当且仅当Ｒ的所有分次理想是幂等的,且所有分次理想作成的集合关于包含关系是全序的。设Ｇ是有限群,Ｒｅ是完全素环,Ｒ是强分次环当且仅当Ｒ＃Ｇ＾＊是完全素环,当Ｒ是强分次环时,若Ｒｅ是完全素环,则Ｒ是完全分次素环,最后给出一个同时满足若干条件的完全素环的实例。     

环上矩阵的Drazin逆

设Ｒ是一交换环,Ａ∈Ｍｎ（Ｒ）,定义Ａ的指数和Ｄｒａｚｉｎ逆Ａ＾Ｄ,假设Ａｋ＝ＰＢＱ,ｋ＝ｉｎｄ（Ａ）,其中Ｐ,Ｂ,Ｑ∈Ｍｎ（Ｒ）,存在Ｐ’,Ｑ’∈Ｍｎ（Ｒ）,使得Ｐ‘ＰＢ＝Ｂ＝ＢＱＱ’若Ｂ有群逆,则Ａ有Ｄｒａｚｉｎ逆当且仅当ＢＢ＾＃ＱＡＰＢ＋Ｉ－ＢＢ＾＃可能,此时有Ａ＾Ｄ＝ＰＢ（ＢＢ＾＃ＱＡＰＢ＋Ｉ－ＢＢ＾＃）＾－１Ｑ。     

分次环上的一些结果

本文分两部分对分次环进行讨论．第一部分的主要结果是：Ｒ是分次环，ＭＲ－ｇｒ是Ｒ－ｇｒ的分次上生成子，当时，Ｍ也是Ｍｏｄ－Ｒ的上生成子；第二部分的主要结果是Ａｒｔｉｎ环Ｒ是Ｇ－分次，且Ｇ有限，则Ｒ是ｓｅｒｉａＳｍａｓｈ积Ｒ＃Ｇ＊是ｓｅｒｉａｌ．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with