海岸带开发对葫芦山湾水交换能力的影响

为评价2000年至2010年海岸带开发活动对葫芦山湾水交换能力的影响,本文通过数值模拟方法计算2000年、2005年和2010年葫芦山湾海域潮流场、纳湖量和海湾水交抉率的情况。研究表明,2000年至2010年葫芦山湾岸线减少2.1km,海域面积减少约14.8km2s2000年至2005年纳湖量平均减少了0.21×108m3,水交换率平均增大了3.15%;2005年至2010年纳潮量平均减小了0.11×108m3,水交换率平均减小了0.05%,说明葫芦山湾海岸带开发活动速成海湾纳潮量减小,导致环境容量的逐年减少,是海湾污染日益加剧的主要原因之一。     

Bacterial carbon processing by generalist species in the coastal ocean

The assimilation and mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by marine bacterioplankton is a major process in the ocean carbon cycle. However, little information exists on the specific metabolic functions of participating bacteria and on whether individual taxa specialize on particular components of the marine DOC pool. Here we use experimental metagenomics to show that coastal communities are populated by taxa capable of metabolizing a wide variety of organic carbon compounds. Genomic DNA captured from bacterial community subsets metabolizing a single model component of the DOC pool (either dimethylsulphoniopropionate or vanillate) showed substantial overlap in gene composition as well as a diversity of carbon-processing capabilities beyond the selected phenotypes. Our direct measure of niche breadth for bacterial functional assemblages indicates that, in accordance with ecological theory, heterogeneity in the composition and supply of organic carbon to coastal oceans may favour generalist bacteria. In the important interplay between microbial community structure and biogeochemical cycling, coastal heterotrophic communities may be controlled less by transient changes in the carbon reservoir that they process and more by factors such as trophic interactions and physical conditions.     

梅西湖与鄱阳湖水位变化关系及其水量交换过程分析

以鄱阳湖水文站点和梅西湖2011—2012年的水位资料为基础,基于主成分分析方法,选择修水站水位表征鄱阳湖的总体水位;以梅西湖为例来分析典型碟形洼地与鄱阳湖大湖区之间的水位关系,根据丰枯水位的涨落情况分阶段对梅西湖与鄱阳湖的水位关系和水量交换过程进行分析和讨论。结果表明:枯水期,梅西湖水位稳定在13.5~14.5m,且高于鄱阳湖水位3m左右;梅西湖水位低于15.8m时,梅西湖与鄱阳湖水位不具有明显的相关性,水量交换也较弱;而梅西湖水位高于15.8 m后,梅西湖与鄱阳湖水位线性相关,水位过程基本一致,同涨同落,水量交换明显。     

河流水-气界面碳交换研究进展及趋势

河流水-气界面碳交换是区域和全球碳循环的重要环节, 对陆地碳平衡核算和碳循环模型优化具有重要意义. 介绍了全球河流水-气界面碳交换研究的相关进展, 以及现有研究存在的问题, 并在此基础上提出今后相关的研究应关注不同地质-生态和人类活动干扰背景下河流及中小河流水-气界面碳交换, 要综合利用双碳同位素示踪、化学计量学、生物标志物等方法辨识河流系统中CO₂, CH₄ 及其他形态碳的来源和迁移转化过程, 同时还要利用野外原位观测、传统采样分析和室内培养的方法开展“水-土/沉积物-气”多界面碳交换的系统综合研究,揭示控制河流系统水-气界面碳交换的关键因子, 为相关预测模型的建立以及流域的科学管理提供依据.     

River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean

Satellite images have long revealed the surface expression of large amplitude internal waves that propagate along density interfaces beneath the sea surface. Internal waves are typically the most energetic high-frequency events in the coastal ocean, displacing water parcels by up to 100 m and generating strong currents and turbulence that mix nutrients into near-surface waters for biological utilization. While internal waves are known to be generated by tidal currents over ocean-bottom topography, they have also been observed frequently in the absence of any apparent tide-topography interactions. Here we present repeated measurements of velocity, density and acoustic backscatter across the Columbia River plume front. These show how internal waves can be generated from a river plume that flows as a gravity current into the coastal ocean. We find that the convergence of horizontal velocities at the plume front causes frontal growth and subsequent displacement downward of near-surface waters. Individual freely propagating waves are released from the river plume front when the front's propagation speed decreases below the wave speed in the water ahead of it. This mechanism generates internal waves of similar amplitude and steepness as internal waves from tide-topography interactions observed elsewhere, and is therefore important to the understanding of coastal ocean mixing.     

Geomorphology visualization modeling and tidal current virtual reality for coastal ocean

The new technology of geomorphology visualization modeling and virtual reality for tidal current numerical simulation are the important methods utilized in coastal ocean research. In the project of studying the evolutionary trend of radial sand ridges in South Yellow Sea of China, this method becomes the key to reveal the correlation between the seabed topography and the hydrodynamic factor—— tidal current. It is proved that using the geomorphology visualization and tidal virtual reality techniques, oceanog-raphers might be able to intuitively discover the interaction pattern of sand ridges and tidal current, predicting the development of sand ridge stability in the future. Furthermore, a prolotypic software system——VROcean was designed and implemented to examine the performance of the new visualization technology on the contrast to traditional methods.     

Sea water intrusion and salt water intrusion in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay

The characteristics, pattern, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical features, and the movement pattern of the salt waterfresh water interface of the sea water intrusion and the salt water intrusion, which occur in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay in Shandong Province, are analysed. The characteristics of the two kinds of intrusion are compared as well. A three-dimensional sea water intrusion model to describe the sea water intrusion with a transitional zone 1.5–6.0 km wide in the phreatic aquifer and a solute transport model describing the behavior of cations exchange in the process of sea water intrusion are established.     

江苏近海水域水环境质量现状评价

根据2006年7月对江苏近海水域水环境调查的资料,对江苏近海的水质进行评价.结果表明:江苏近海水域pH、活性磷酸盐、砷、铜、镉、锌、总铬等指标均达到GB 3097-1997《海水水质标准》中Ⅱ类水质标准,但是溶解氧、总磷、总氮与铅超标率较高,超标率分别达到79.10％,54.35％,34.15％和41.46％,无机氮和汞浓度超标率较低.此外,海水中还有轻微的油污染.从北至南3个海域中海州湾水质相对较好,辐射沙洲与长江口北支海域污染较为严重,并且辐射沙洲海域超标站位分布凌乱,无规律可循.     

Se代胱氨酸及胱氨酸与谷胱甘肽反应过程中的Se-S及S-S交换反应

使用高效液相色谱与质谱联用技术研究Se代胱氨酸与还原型谷胱甘肽发生Se-S交换生成含硒硫键产物GSSec的反应.结果表明:该反应的反应速率随pH增加而增加;胱氨酸与还原型谷胱甘肽的S-S交换反应速率明显高于Se-S交换反应;谷胱甘肽在Se-S交换反应溶液中被空气氧化的速率明显快于在S-S交换反应溶液中的速度;含有二硒键的Se代胱氨酸或含硒硫键的产物GSSec对谷胱甘肽的氧化具有催化作用;铂化物[Pt(Met)Cl2]的存在可加速Se-S交换反应,促进硒硫键的生成.     

海水淡化—沿海城市水资源可持续发展的重要策略

我国是一个缺水的国家,沿海地区由于人口稠密,经济发达,水资源供需矛盾尤为突出,已经严重影响中国经济发展的可持续发展。根据水资源可持续发展的理念,综合比较各种有效办法,调研各种淡水资源获得成本。最后指出,随着海水淡化成本的降低,海水淡化将成为保证沿海城市水资源可持续发展的最重要措施。     

含水量变化对土壤温度和水分交换的影响研究

土壤热容量是土壤热性质的重要参数之一.通过试验和分析,研究了地面土壤含水量日变化及含水量垂向分布变化规律,以及不同含水量对土壤温度的日变化影响.试验结果表明,土壤水分的运动和土壤中热量的传输是一个统一不可分割的系统,无地面水分补给时,土壤中的含水量变化与地温的日变化有关,土壤水的热运动是土壤层向蒸发面供水的最重要的因素之一.     

广东省海岸带海水养殖业污染贡献率研究

广东省海岸线较长,近海海水养殖业发达,但海水养殖业带来的面源污染还没有引起重视.文章利用排污系数及产量定量评估了广东省沿海海水养殖排污量及污染贡献率,并基于卫星遥感影像提取了养殖面积与类型,对比分析了广东省粤东与粤西地区海水养殖区与环境污染区的关系.研究结果表明：①广东省沿海海水养殖N排放量为170 kt,P排放量为30 kt,COD排放量为360 kt,海水养殖面源污染的贡献率已达到25％.②广东省粤东与粤西高密度养殖区与近海环境污染严重区相吻合,养殖区与近海污染区具有明显的相关性.粤东养殖区及污染严重区域主要分布在潮州市饶平县的柘林湾、南澳县的猎屿岛海域、汕尾市的碣石湾;粤西养殖业及污染严重区域主要分布在湛江市的东海岛西侧及硇州岛海域,茂名市水东湾,雷州市的流沙湾,阳江市的海陵岛和南鹏列岛.海水养殖所产生的面源污染已成为近海海洋污染的主要污染源之一,海水面源污染的监测与研究需引起重视.     

近海水环境早期预警模型及其应用

为实现对近岸海域水环境质量状况的早期预警,构建了近海水环境早期预警模型。首先在布点优化过程中,提出了模糊物元分析法与k-means空间聚类算法相结合的方法,以突出区域监测站位的水环境状态特征,同时兼顾监测站位的空间地理位置等因素;其次,采用突变级数法,以分叉集方程的归一化公式,计算优化监测站位的水环境质量突变状态值,避免了模型中的人为赋值等不确定因素。应用所建模型,选择江苏近海水环境为实例进行预警分析,结果表明,各站位的预警值与水质评价结果一致,验证了模型的合理性。     

Linkage between the dominant modes in Pacific subsurface ocean temperature and the two type ENSO events

We investigate the variations of subsurface ocean temperature(SOT) based on the monthly-Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA) during 1958-2007,and discuss the linkage between the variations of SOT and the eastern and central Pacific ENSO(EP and CP-ENSO) events.The wavelet analyses suggest that the variation of the EP and CP-ENSO events shows the 2-7 and the 10-15 years oscillation in the tropical sea surface temperature(SST),and coupled with a zonal dipole mode and a tripole mode in the SOT anomalous field reveled by the singular value decomposition(SVD) analysis.During the mature phase of CP-ENSO,the positive center of SOT at the subsurface layer locates in the west of dateline,which results in the increase of SOT in the Ni o4 region and causes the CP-ENSO event.Statistical analysis implies that,the eastern and central Pacific subsurface indices which are defined by the expansion coefficients of the first and third SVD mode for SOT have shown the capabilities in disguising the EP and CP-ENSO events,respectively.In addition,corresponding to the increase of the SOT amplitude on the 10-15 years time scale,we found that the frequency and intensity of CP-El Ni o events has exhibited an upward trend after the 1980s,which suggests that the CP-ENSO event has shown an enhanced impact on the global climate in the past decades.     

Coupling and feedback between iron and sulphur in air-sea exchange

Iron in surface seawater has been demonstrated to be the limiting nutrient factor for primary productivity in certain oceanic regions where other major nutrients are abundant[1—5]. The available Fe to the phytoplankton in seawater is related to the uptake of carbon dioxide through the ocean and, in turn, to the global greenhouse effect[6—11]. Recent reports showed that the available Fe in the seawater is closely correlative to nitrogen fixation in the ocean[12—17]. Understanding which Fe s…     

遥感在近岸水体悬浮物质提取中的应用

对遥感数据在海岸带水体悬浮物质提取中的应用进行了简单的论述 ,介绍了悬浮物质遥感监测一般原理 ,提出了目前存在问题及发展方向 .     

江苏海岸带水资源可持续利用研究

介绍了江苏海岸带区域水资源概况,对海岸带水资源供需状况进行了分析研究,针对当前海岸带开发中水资源利用问题,提出了海岸带开发可持续发展的水资源开发对策.     

Respiration in the open ocean

A key question when trying to understand the global carbon cycle is whether the oceans are net sources or sinks of carbon. This will depend on the production of organic matter relative to the decomposition due to biological respiration. Estimates of respiration are available for the top layers, the mesopelagic layer, and the abyssal waters and sediments of various ocean regions. Although the total open ocean respiration is uncertain, it is probably substantially greater than most current estimates of particulate organic matter production. Nevertheless, whether the biota act as a net source or sink of carbon remains an open question.     

碱性阴离子交换膜燃料电池实验及数值模拟

针对碱性阴离子交换膜燃料电池(AEMFC)水管理开展了实验及数值模拟工作,使用Tokuyama A201膜制备并组装了实验室规模的AEMFC单电池,建立了一个基于质量守恒、组分守恒及电荷守恒的碱性阴离子交换膜燃料电池二维稳态等温模型,用于研究电池性能及内部水传输机理。通过模型计算分析电池性能及内部水传输和水分布情况,结果表明:计算预测得到的特定参数下的极化曲线趋势与单电池测试的数据吻合良好;电流密度增加会增大水从阳极到阴极的净通量,有利于阴极反应的进行;电池两极均需进气加湿,提高阳极进气湿度可以加快水从阳极到阴极的净迁移,在较高电流密度下阴极进气湿度过低对电池性能影响较大。