一种新的焊接残余应力测量方法

应用数字散斑相关方法对平板板边堆焊焊接头残余应力进行了测量,探讨了该方法测量焊接残余应力的可行性。试验表明,数字散斑相关方法测量焊接残余应力是可行的,其应变测量灵敏度与图象处理系统的象数分辨率有关。采用高分辨率的图象处理系统,可望实现焊接接头残余应力的精确测量。     

剥层测量残余应力的修正

已加工表面残余应力以地机械零部件的功能行为有很重要的影响。然而，到目前为止，已加工表面层内残余应力的测量仍存在许多问题。本文提出了表面剥层时残余应力测量（用X射线法或剥层线性方程法）的修正方法及修正公式。通过对试验数据修正计算，结果表明，应用此方法可大大提高测量精度，本文为残余应力测量修正提供了理论依据。作者还讨论了已加工表面残余应力测量修正的必要性问题。     

焊接残余应力的非接触无损测量实验

焊接残余应力是降低焊接接头力学性能的主要因素之一,传统的残余应力测量多采用破坏性方法,如盲孔法,测量精度低、重复性差、人为影响因素多。X射线衍射法是非接触式无损的应力测量方法,测量精度高、数据稳定性好。学生采用X射线衍射法完成了焊接残余应力的测量实验,结果表明随着与焊缝距离的增大残余拉应力的峰值降低,热处理和超声波处理都能够有效地降低焊接残余拉应力,甚至能够把焊缝表面的残余拉应力转变为压应力。实验有助于学生了解焊接残余应力的基本分布规律,从而深刻理解焊接过程的特点,取得了较好的实验教学效果。     

残余应力测试方法综述

该文介绍了残余应力对结构件在实际使用中的有害影响及实验对于测量残余应力的必要性阐述了当前测量残余应力的两种主要方法,并对机械式残余应力测试方法分别从平面和三维条件下进行了详细的说明。大部分残余应力的测试方法都没有达到实用阶段。除了测试技术还存在问题,在力学原理上,主要是弹性力学与塑性力学还得不出钻孔这个力学模型的三维问题应力解。     

利用激光超声测量H型钢梁的残余应力

介绍了利用激光超声和瑞利波测量残余应力的方法及主要的测量装置，描述了采用这种方法对轧制H型钢梁残余应力的测量过程，并对测量结果进行了分析。     

铝合金预拉伸厚板内残余应力分布的测量

因残余应力而引起的加工变形是飞机整体结构件制造的难题之一．文中针对铝合金预拉伸厚板的特点,提出用改进剥层应变法来测量内部残余应力,并运用弹性力学理论进行推导,得到了应力一应变关系矩阵．随后对典型航空用铝合金预拉伸厚板7075T7351的内部残余应力进行了测量,并对测量结果进行了分析和比较．结果表明,文中提出的方法能有效地解决厚板内部残余应力测量的难题．     

磁弹性法在测量高速客车车轴表面残余应力中的应用

磁弹性法是一种快速、简便的表面残余应力无损检测技术．它利用ＢａｒｋｈａｕｓｅｎＮｏｉｓｅ（巴氏噪声）的强度与材料的内应力呈现单调关系，从而由巴氏噪声的强度来测量表面残余应力．本文介绍了磁弹性法测量构件表面残余应力的基本原理、测试方法及其在高速客车空心车轴表面滚压强化后，在车轴表面残余应力测量中的应用．     

微旋转结构法测量Al薄膜的残余应力

薄膜的残余应力是影响MEMS器件工作可靠性和稳定性的重要因素,微旋转结构法能够简单有效地测量薄膜的残余应力.文中采用MEMS工艺制作Al薄膜微旋转结构,根据微旋转结构法对m薄膜的残余应力进行了测量和计算.实验结果表明,溅射Al膜的残余应力为张应力,大小在80～110 GPa之间.对Al薄膜悬梁进行静电驱动,其驱动电压为31 ～34 V,与根据Al膜残余应力的测量值所计算出的驱动电压基本吻合.     

预拉伸铝合金板7075T7351内部残余应力分布测试

因残余应力而引起加工变形是飞机整体结构件制造的难题之一。运用裂纹柔度法测量了铝合金预拉伸板7075T7351的内部残余应力，分析了内部残余应力的分布规律，并测出厚度为40mm的板长度方向最大残余拉应力为18．3Mpa，最大残余压应力为17．9Mpa。     

振动时效在HT-7U核聚变真空装置残余应力消除中的应用

针对HT-7U核聚变真空装置拼焊过程中产生的焊接变形,通过应用振动时效(Vibratory Stress Relief,VSR)工艺,以消除拼焊处残余应力.介绍了盲孔法测量残余应力的原理,并通过振动过程中动应力分析和VSR工艺前后残余应力的测量,了解拼焊处动应力和残余应力的分布状况,实验结果表明VSR工艺消应力效果良好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that