试析政府与企业的行为模式—以珠江三角洲为例

论述政府与企业两大类行为主体的基本行为模式，认为由于所处地位及内在组织机制的重要差异，导致了政府与企业在行为动机与目标、行为的决策机制与过程，分析评价行为效果的方法与原则等方面都存在重大差别，从而决定了经济区成长发育过程中政府具有导向作用，企业则发挥关基础作用，并以此为指导对珠江三角洲进行分析评述。     

“动机”理论在大学生思想政治教育中的应用

心理学研究表明,动机是人的一切心理活动中最重要的心理机能。在大学生思想政治教育中,应该认真分析大学生行为产生的心理动机因素,研究动机与行为产生之间的密切关系,并在思想政治教育中注意运用多种方式激发和培养大学生高尚的行为动机,以达到思想政治教育的目的和要求。由动机功能理论知,在大学生思想政治教育中激发高尚的动机,对于大学生形成积极的行为习惯具有重要作用。由动机性行为产生模式知,了解影响大学生行为表现的主客观因素是做好思想政治教育的前提。应用动机理论,通过提高目标引力、增强外界压力,改善外界调控以及加大内部动力,可以激励大学生产生积极行为,从而提高思想政治教育的实效性。     

幼儿攻击行为与家庭教育的关系及矫正

家庭作为儿童社会化最基本的动因,对儿童早期行为的塑造起着关键性作用,许多幼儿具有明显的攻击性行为,这和家庭有着密切的关系,父母营造的家庭氛围和教养方式对幼儿攻击性行为的产生及矫正有深远的影响。本文力图从家庭角度研究分析幼儿的攻击性行为的影响因素及其矫正。     

基于BP神经网络模型的驾驶行为环境影响评价

分析了不同驾驶行为对车辆污染物的排放对环境安全的重要影响,运用BP神经网络模型对驾驶行为环境影响进行评价,并与灰色关联模型评价进行比较．评价结果合理可信。     

基于互联网的个体用户创新行为的影响因素研究

互联网的快速发展使用户创新变得更加便捷,用户创新在企业产品创新中的作用也越来越重要。从创新动机、信息粘滞性、互联网环境激励与用户创新行为的关系入手,提出了互联网环境下用户创新行为影响因素的概念模型和相应的研究假设。通过对222份互联网用户数据进行实证分析,发现用户创新行为受到创新需求、创新获益、创新成就感、信息粘滞性和互联网环境激励等因素的显著影响,但领先用户和普通用户在这几个变量与创新行为之间的调节作用存在差异。在研究结论基础上,提出了管理建议和未来研究的展望。     

会计行为优化与会计信息质量

会计行为是提供会计信息的行为。计行为目标可概括为会计目标和会计行为主体动机两者互动均衡的结果,其中含有会计最终目的，即满足会计信息使用者的有关需要。本文着重对如何优化会计行为，改善会计信息质量做一探讨。     

会计自主行分析

自主行为,乃是自主权的行使、运用过程,会计英文文献中不乏有在“Discretion”之前加“Exercise”的情况。会计行为是在内部动因和外在环境刺激下,通过会计行为目标的驱动,由会计行为主体应用现代会计理论与会计计量等技术方法和手段作用于会计客体,生成、披露和利用会计信息,参与企业经营决策和外部控制,但同时又受客体影响和制约的具有能动性的、有目的的一种社会实践活动。会计自主行为就是会计行为主体为了达到一定的目的,在会计活动或会计信息提供过程中利用会计自主权实施的可能影响会计信息使用者理解经济事项的行为。     

“国际湿地城市”申报和湿地亲环境行为——基于淮安的实证研究

“国际湿地城市”已作为全球各个国家或地区青睐的世界级绿色城市名片.在淮安积极申报“国际湿地城市”的现实背景下,本文以城市居民为调查样本,对其参与“国际湿地城市”申报的态度和湿地亲环境行为进行测量和评价,试图揭示人们对于政府倡导行为的参与和支持意愿以及可持续发展理念和生态环保意识.基于300份淮安城市居民的样本数据,实证分析结果表明,居民参与“国际湿地城市”申报态度和湿地亲环境行为均处于中等偏上(较强烈)水平,其中,居民参与“国际湿地城市”申报态度包含申报动机、申报机会和申报能力三个维度,湿地亲环境行为包括湿地亲环境维护行为和湿地亲环境促进行为.同时,居民参与“国际湿地城市”申报态度的三个维度和两种湿地亲环境行为基本呈现正相关关系,说明二者有相互促进作用.本文根据研究结论提出具体的政策建议,以助力相关政府部门进行“国际湿地城市”申报,引导和提升城市居民的环境保护理念,从而实现城市形象,湿地生态与居民旅游的良性互动和可持续发展.     

组织公民行为及其对管理人员的启示

组织公民行为是员工自愿表现出来的超越正式职务要求的行为。章在分析论述组织公民行为的基本概念和基本维度的基础上,讨论了组织公民行为产生的动机．指出了组织公民行为对管理人员的启示。     

校园欺负行为及其干预

欺负行为是中小学生之间经常发生的一种特殊类型的攻击性行为,并有可能发展为校园暴力,它对中小学生的健康发展具有很大程度的危害性.研究发现,个体因素、家庭因素、同伴因素及学校因素共同构成了我国中小学校园欺负行为产生的社会因素.针对此这些因素采取措施能够对校园欺负行为进行有效干预.     

Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex

The orbital part of prefrontal cortex appears to be crucially involved in the motivational control of goal-directed behaviour. Patients with lesions of orbitofrontal cortex show impairments in making decisions about the expected outcome of actions. Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions respond abnormally to changes in reward expectations and show altered reward preferences. As rewards constitute basic goals of behaviour, we investigated here how neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of monkeys process information about liquid and food rewards in a typical frontal task, spatial delayed responding. The activity of orbitofrontal neurons increases in response to reward-predicting signals, during the expectation of rewards, and after the receipt of rewards. Neurons discriminate between different rewards, mainly irrespective of the spatial and visual features of reward-predicting stimuli and behavioural reactions. Most reward discriminations reflect the animals' relative preference among the available rewards, as expressed by their choice behaviour, rather than physical reward properties. Thus, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex appear to process the motivational value of rewarding outcomes of voluntary action.     

Predator-induced behaviour shifts and natural selection in field-experimental lizard populations

The role of behaviour in evolutionary change has long been debated. On the one hand, behavioural changes may expose individuals to new selective pressures by altering the way that organisms interact with the environment, thus driving evolutionary divergence. Alternatively, behaviour can act to retard evolutionary change: by altering behavioural patterns in the face of new environmental conditions, organisms can minimize exposure to new selective pressures. This constraining influence of behaviour has been put forward as an explanation for evolutionary stasis within lineages and niche conservatism within clades. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that behavioural change prevents natural selection from operating in new environments has never been experimentally tested. We conducted a controlled and replicated experimental study of selection in entirely natural populations; we demonstrate that lizards alter their habitat use in the presence of an introduced predator, but that these behavioural shifts do not prevent patterns of natural selection from changing in experimental populations.     

Environmentally mediated synergy between perception and behaviour in mobile robots

The notion that behaviour influences perception seems self-evident, but the mechanism of their interaction is not known. Perception and behaviour are usually considered to be separate processes. In this view, perceptual learning constructs compact representations of sensory events, reflecting their statistical properties, independently of behavioural relevance. Behavioural learning, however, forms associations between perception and action, organized by reinforcement, without regard for the construction of perception. It is generally assumed that the interaction between these two processes is internal to the agent, and can be explained solely in terms of the neuronal substrate. Here we show, instead, that perception and behaviour can interact synergistically via the environment. Using simulated and real mobile robots, we demonstrate that perceptual learning directly supports behavioural learning and so promotes a progressive structuring of behaviour. This structuring leads to a systematic bias in input sampling, which directly affects the organization of the perceptual system. This external, environmentally mediated feedback matches the perceptual system to the emerging behavioural structure, so that the behaviour is stabilized.     

Osmotic stress mimics effects of vasopressin on learned behaviour

It has been suggested that arginine vasopressin (AVP) is involved in the retention of learned responses, in addition to its classical physiological functions of water retention and modulation of blood pressure. AVP administered subcutaneously (s.c.), intraventricularly or intracerebrally can prolong extinction of active avoidance behaviour and can enhance retention in inhibitory (passive) avoidance. These effects have been interpreted as a direct action of AVP on the central nervous system to facilitate memory consolidation. AVP also has facilitatory effects on cognitive function in humans, and marked deficits in AVP function have been associated with certain types of psychopathology. Alternative hypotheses for the behavioural actions of AVP have involved motivational constructs such as arousal, and our recent work has focused on the role of arousal resulting from the activation of peripheral visceral signals in the behavioural effects of peripherally administered AVP. The development of a specific antagonist for AVP, 1-deaminopenicillamine-2-O-methyl tyrosine arginine vasopressin (dPTyr(Me)AVP), which can reverse the behavioural effects of exogenously administered AVP, has provided a powerful tool for examining the role of AVP in the behavioural responses produced by physiological challenges known to release vasopressin. However, the relationship between the behavioural effects of exogenously administered AVP and the behavioural function of endogenously released AVP has not been evaluated. We report here that a potent peripheral osmotic stimulus, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of hypertonic saline, at doses known to release AVP both centrally and peripherally, will produce behavioural effects similar to those of exogenously administered AVP. Furthermore, the prolongation of active avoidance induced by this osmotic stimulus is reversed by pretreatment with dPTyr(Me)AVP, suggesting that endogenously released AVP may also produce behavioural effects.     

Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities

In recent years evidence has been accumulating that personalities are not only found in humans but also in a wide range of other animal species. Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural tendencies and the behaviour in one context is correlated with the behaviour in multiple other contexts. From an adaptive perspective, the evolution of animal personalities is still a mystery, because a more flexible structure of behaviour should provide a selective advantage. Accordingly, many researchers view personalities as resulting from constraints imposed by the architecture of behaviour (but see ref. 12). In contrast, we show here that animal personalities can be given an adaptive explanation. Our argument is based on the insight that the trade-off between current and future reproduction often results in polymorphic populations in which some individuals put more emphasis on future fitness returns than others. Life-history theory predicts that such differences in fitness expectations should result in systematic differences in risk-taking behaviour. Individuals with high future expectations (who have much to lose) should be more risk-averse than individuals with low expectations. This applies to all kinds of risky situations, so individuals should consistently differ in their behaviour. By means of an evolutionary model we demonstrate that this basic principle results in the evolution of animal personalities. It simultaneously explains the coexistence of behavioural types, the consistency of behaviour through time and the structure of behavioural correlations across contexts. Moreover, it explains the common finding that explorative behaviour and risk-related traits like boldness and aggressiveness are common characteristics of animal personalities.     

Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits

Switching between exploratory and defensive behaviour is fundamental to survival of many animals, but how this transition is achieved by specific neuronal circuits is not known. Here, using the converse behavioural states of fear extinction and its context-dependent renewal as a model in mice, we show that bi-directional transitions between states of high and low fear are triggered by a rapid switch in the balance of activity between two distinct populations of basal amygdala neurons. These two populations are integrated into discrete neuronal circuits differentially connected with the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Targeted and reversible neuronal inactivation of the basal amygdala prevents behavioural changes without affecting memory or expression of behaviour. Our findings indicate that switching between distinct behavioural states can be triggered by selective activation of specific neuronal circuits integrating sensory and contextual information. These observations provide a new framework for understanding context-dependent changes of fear behaviour.     

网络环境下课堂教学的实践与思考

教育要跟上科学和社会发展的步伐,就必须加快教育的信息化。“网络环境下如何进行课堂教学?”是初中等教育界所应关心的重大课题。     

MATLAB／SIMULINK永磁同步电机矢量控制系统仿真

永磁同步电机矢量控制系统在工业控制、医疗等众多领域具有广泛的应用前景。基于MATLAB/SIMULINK环境,采用模块式的结构,分别对PI(Proportion Integration)调节、速度环调节、dq/αβ变换、SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Module)波产生、主回路和整个系统模型进行了仿真研究。采用Scope空间对定子电流、转子转角和转子转速、以及转矩进行观察,及时调整系统模型参数,使系统性能达到最佳化,实现了永磁同步电机矢量控制和正反转调速。结果表明,该系统具有启动快、过载能力强和调速特性好等特点,为永磁同步电机矢量控制系统设计与实现提供有效方法,可明显缩短开发周期,在实现永磁同步电机高精度的控制和节能控制方面具有实际意义。     

中老年人从事健身健美操运动动机及特征探讨

运用动机理论．对玉林市区中等年人从事健身健美操运动的动机进行了调查．结果显示中老年人从事健身健美操运动的动机是比较广泛和复杂的，并且通过分析发现，我国现行的健身健美操活动不仅仅是一种体育健身活动，同时也是一种团体性较强的社会活动。     

动物行为中不同脑区神经元活动的比较

在12头家兔操作式摄食行为中,记录不同脑区（皮质视区、运动区、海马背区）172个神经元的单位放电,发现每个脑区都有神经元的变化与行为的不同方面（环境、运动、目的）相关。又发现：与行为某一方面相关变化的神经元数量在不同脑区是不等的,最显著的差异见于皮质视区与运动区：在皮质视区,大部分不是“环境”神经元,而是“运动” 神经元;在皮质运动区,大部分不是“运动”神经元,而是“目的”神经元。这可能与此二区的组织结构的明显差异有关。