Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions

The molecular architecture of-and biochemical processes within--cell membranes play important roles in all living organisms, with many drugs and infectious disease agents targeting membranes. Experimental studies of biochemical reactions on membrane surfaces are challenging, as they require a membrane environment that is fluid (like cell membranes) but nevertheless allows for the efficient detection and characterization of molecular interactions. One approach uses lipid membranes supported on solid substrates such as silica or polymers: although the membrane is trapped near the solid interface, it retains natural fluidity and biological functionality and can be implanted with membrane proteins for functional studies. But the detection of molecular interactions involving membrane-bound species generally requires elaborate techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Here we demonstrate that colloidal phase transitions of membrane-coated silica beads provide a simple and label-free method for monitoring molecular interactions on lipid membrane surfaces. By adjusting the lipid membrane composition and hence the pair interaction potential between the membrane-supporting silica beads, we poise our system near a phase transition so that small perturbations on the membrane surface induce dramatic changes in the macroscopic organization of the colloid. We expect that this approach, used here to probe with high sensitivity protein binding events at membrane surfaces, can be applied to study a broad range of cell membrane processes.     

生物丁醇的渗透蒸发分离膜研究进展

丁醇的分离问题是生物丁醇工业化及应用过程中急需解决的难题之一.从不同发酵-分离耦合技术的分离效果和经济效益出发,分析了渗透蒸发技术在丁醇分离中的优势.综述了渗透蒸发分离丁醇发酵液或模拟发酵液的研究进展,对聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、聚三甲基硅-1-丙炔(PTMSP)及其改性膜和其他聚合物膜的特点与分离性能进行了总结.另外,还关注了支撑液膜在丁醇分离中的应用及其存在的稳定性问题,分析了丁醇发酵液中存在的溶剂小分子、中间产物及生物大分子等对分离性能的影响.最后,对用于生物丁醇分离的渗透蒸发膜的未来发展进行了展望.     

等离子体聚合膜的制备,性能及其应用

研制等离子体聚合装置，并用研制的装置在铝，银等材料上聚合六甲基二硅氧烷膜，进而分析膜的组分及性能，在设计的装置中，选用铝，银等材料作基材，用六甲基二硅氧烷作单体，进行多次放电聚合试验。在基材上可制备出硬膜，膜与基材粘附性好，并具有良好的电绝缘性和优异的抗氧化性。     

Studies on Preparation and Properties of Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Phosphotungstic Acid/Silica and Polysulfonamide

Membranes formed by polysulfonamide (PSA) and phosphotungstic acid (PWA) supported on nano-silica have been prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTTR) and thermogravimctric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the structure and thermal properties of obtained membranes. The analyses of water uptake, proton conductivity and mechanical properties of the membranes revealed that PWA and silica produced a beneficial effect on proton conduction of the membranes. The membranes with 50 wt% of PWA-SiQ2/PSA were mechanically stable and gave proton conductivity of 2. 57 × 10-2 S ?cm-1 at 90℃and 100% relative humidity. According to the obtained results, PWA and SiO2 doped PSA is a promising material for proton exchange membrane.     

Study of ionizable drugs transfer across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface with phase volume ratio equal to unity using a three-electrode system

In the past few decades, much attention has been paid to the experimental and theoretical investigations of electrochemical processes at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). This is mainly due to the potential applications these systems have been found in chemistry and biology, such as phase-transfer catalysis, analysis with chemical sensors, drug lipophilic-ity and its consequences to drug delivery, and mimicking biological membranes[1,2]. Compared with the m…     

The structure of suspended graphene sheets

The recent discovery of graphene has sparked much interest, thus far focused on the peculiar electronic structure of this material, in which charge carriers mimic massless relativistic particles. However, the physical structure of graphene--a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice--is also puzzling. On the one hand, graphene appears to be a strictly two-dimensional material, exhibiting such a high crystal quality that electrons can travel submicrometre distances without scattering. On the other hand, perfect two-dimensional crystals cannot exist in the free state, according to both theory and experiment. This incompatibility can be avoided by arguing that all the graphene structures studied so far were an integral part of larger three-dimensional structures, either supported by a bulk substrate or embedded in a three-dimensional matrix. Here we report on individual graphene sheets freely suspended on a microfabricated scaffold in vacuum or air. These membranes are only one atom thick, yet they still display long-range crystalline order. However, our studies by transmission electron microscopy also reveal that these suspended graphene sheets are not perfectly flat: they exhibit intrinsic microscopic roughening such that the surface normal varies by several degrees and out-of-plane deformations reach 1 nm. The atomically thin single-crystal membranes offer ample scope for fundamental research and new technologies, whereas the observed corrugations in the third dimension may provide subtle reasons for the stability of two-dimensional crystals.     

使用SbSn金属间化合物过滤膜的汽油脱硫

以超声还原方法合成的SbSn金属间化合物粉末为原料制备了SbSn金属间化合物过滤膜.在常温常压下,使用制备的过滤膜进行动态汽油脱硫实验,并考察了外加电场大小及其方向对脱硫效果的影响,膜片的清洗方法及其清洗后的脱硫性能.实验结果表明:正确的外加电场方向及适宜的电场强度可以显著增加过滤膜对汽油的脱硫效果;外加电场的清洗方式远好于仅使用有机溶剂清洗的方式,重复使用5次后的脱硫效果可以达到首次脱硫效果的68%.     

ER模型的语义概念集合和表示法

ER模型能够清晰地表达现实世界的实体、联系和约束。主要从数据结构、数据操作、数据的约束条件3个方面归纳了ER模型所支持的语义概念集合,介绍了几种在应用中使用比较广泛的表示法,并对它们所支持的概念集合、图形表示法和CASE支持工具等进行了比较。     

基于ROOT的核孔膜生产可视化分析平台

利用核反应堆产生的裂变重离子碎片辐照固体薄膜,是生产核孔膜的主要方式之一。为优化反应堆核孔膜生产工艺参数,应用Geant4模拟计算了热中子辐照铀靶的出射裂变碎片数据,并基于ROOT搭建了核孔膜生产可视化分析平台。平台基于裂变碎片数据开展核孔膜生产过程模拟及分析,并将分析结果可视化展示。平台可分析计算膜厚度、孔隙率、连孔率等关键产品参数,从理论上指导准直角度、入射粒子密度等生产工艺参数。该平台可作为反应堆核孔膜生产中优化工艺参数的辅助工具。     

气体薄层电极用于气体扩散膜疏水孔率的测定

将新型气体薄层电极技术应用于气体扩散膜疏水孔体积及孔率的测定,采用循环伏安法,对位于疏水孔内的氧气进行耗尽式电化学还原反应,其所消耗的电量用于对膜疏水孔体积及孔率的测定,对自催化膜和非催化膜检测结果的分析表明,本方法与称重法结果一致,但检测更加方便且无破坏性,同时对长期浸泡于碱性溶液中的气体扩散膜的疏水性能,以及孔率的温度系数进行了测定。     

An equivalent 1D nanochannel model to describe ion transport in multilayered graphene membranes

Multilayered graphene-based membranes are promising for a variety of applications related to ion or molecule transport, such as energy storage and water treatment. However, the complex three-dimensional cascading nanoslit-like structure embedded in the membrane makes it difficult to interpret and rationalize experimental results, quantitatively compare with the traditional membrane systems, and quantitatively design new membrane structures. In this paper, systematic numerical simulations were performed to establish an equivalent onedimensional(1 D) nanochannel model to represent the structure of multilayered graphene membranes. We have established a quantitative relationship between effective diffusion length Leffand cross-section area Aeffof the1 D model and our recently developed two dimensional(2 D) representative microstructure for graphene membranes. We find that only in the cases of a relatively large lateral size L( ~100 nm) and a small slit size h( 2 nm), the effective diffusion length Leffand Aeffcan be calculated by an over-simplified but often used model. Otherwise, they show complex dependence on all three structural parameters of the 2 D structural model.Our equivalent 1 D nano-channel model can reproduce experimental results very well except for h 0.5 nm. The discrepancy could be attributed to the anomalous behaviour of molecules under nano-confinement that is not considered in our simulations. This model can also be extended to multilayered membranes assembled by other2 D materials.     

Direct access to serum macromolecules by intraerythrocytic malaria parasites.

Trafficking pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes are complex because the internal parasite is separated from the serum by the erythrocyte and parasitophorous vacuolar membranes. Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites can endocytose dextrans, protein A and an IgG2a antibody. Here we show that these macromolecules do not cross the erythrocyte or parasitophorous vacuolar membranes, but rather gain direct access to the aqueous space surrounding the parasite through a parasitophorous duct. Evidence for this structure includes visualization of membranes that are continuous between the parasitophorous vacuolar and erythrocyte membranes, and surface labelling of the parasite with fluorescent macromolecules under conditions that block endocytosis. The parasite can internalize by fluid-phase endocytosis macromolecules from the aqueous compartment surrounding it. Thus, surface antigens on trophozoites and schizonts should be considered as targets for antibody-directed parasiticidal agents.     

对边简支对边滑支三维矩形层合板的精确解

在状态空间体系下,研究四边简支层合板壳精确解的文献较多,而关于其它边界条件问题的文献却不多见。根据矩形板一对对边简支(simply supported)另一对边滑移(slippery surface)的边界条件特征,构造了状态变量三角函数形式表达式。然后,基于三维的状态空间方法,将状态变量以级数形式展开,推导了相应的三维状态方程。借助四边简支矩形层合板的求解方法,给出了矩形层合板表面受均布压应力作用下的数值实例。从数值结果和位移图形可以看出,本文的矩形层合板弯曲变形具有明显的圆柱弯曲特征,其数值结果可作为其它数值法的标准解。     

Composite polymer electrolyte membranes supported by non-woven fabrics for lithium-ion polymer batteries

Since marketing in 1999, lithium-ion polymer batteryhas attracted great attention with its various merits such aslight weight, high energy density and good safety. Poly-mer electrolyte membrane, the key material for lith-ium-ion polymer battery, greatly influences the electro-chemical performances, and it is always among the fo-cuses of the lithium-ion polymer battery research field toprepare polymer gel electrolyte membranes of high ionicconductivity and good electrochemical stability[1]. …     

Rapid Screening for Insecticidal Compounds Using [3H] EBOB Binding Assay

Binding assay is a convenient, simple, inexpensive, and rapid method that can be used for rapid screening insecticidal compounds. The present study examines 6 compounds for their inhibition of [^3H] EBOB bound to housefly-head membranes, of which 3 compounds have potency for housefly-head membranes.     

Understanding of free radical scavengers used in highly durable proton exchange membranes

Lifetime is always one of the core concerns of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, especially in commercial utilization. Membrane failure caused by chemical degradation can lead to crash of the whole fuel cell system. Proton exchange membranes with enhanced chemical durability can be fabricated via the addition of free radical scavengers. Free radical scavengers are a series of compounds that can react with harmful radicals preferentially than ionomers, with the membranes protected. This review presents the free radical scavengers that had been applied to proton exchange membranes. The mechanisms of the additives in scavenging radicals are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the challenges and drawbacks of free radical scavengers need to be addressed are also highlight.     

重量为3的强避免冲突中心码容量上限

强避免冲突码适用于无反馈异步多址冲突信道,码中所包含的码字的个数称为码的容量,它是系统中所支持的潜在用户的个数.给出了重量为3的强避免冲突中心码容量上限.进一步通过直接构造,证明了某些码类容量能达到上限.     

渗透汽化分离膜及膜反应器 Ⅰ．聚离子复合腹性能的研究

通过两层复合制得壳聚糖－聚丙烯酸钠和壳聚糖－褐藻酸钠聚离子复合膜，研究了其对乙醇－水混合体系的分离性能，并比较了壳聚糖膜、聚丙烯酸钠、褐藻酸钠及聚离子复合膜对乙醇－水二元体系和乙酸－丁醇－乙酸丁酯－水多元体系的渗透汽化分离性能．结果表明，聚离子复合膜适于作膜反应器的膜材料．     

K2Ti6O13晶须增强角蛋白膜的力学性能表征

以六钛酸钾(K2Ti6O13)晶须作为增强体,制备了不同晶须质量分数和分散程度下的复合膜,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、强力仪和有限元分析(FEA)软件对复合膜的结构与性能进行考察.SEM观察结果表明,裂纹启裂于晶须头端与基体的界面处,可将复合膜断裂特征归纳为桥式短纤维破坏模型.力学试验结果表明,在晶须质量分数为3%且晶须分散均匀时,复合膜的综合力学性能最佳.对建立的二维细观结构有限元模型进行分析发现,有限元方法能够较好地解释微米晶须增强机理和复合膜失效机制.     

聚丙烯腈超滤膜铸膜液配方的优选试验

采用正交法对处理含油污水用的聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）超滤膜铸膜液配方进行了优选．试验证明，用正交法进行铸膜液配方的优选时，能找出各因素及其交互作用对膜性能的影响．用较少量的实验即可优选出最佳的铸膜液配方．该配方可作为制备处理含油污水用ＰＡＮ超滤膜的依据