固定床有效导热系数的研究

采用稳态法和非稳态参数估值法测定了气体静止时固定床有效导热系数(以下简称固定床的有效导热系数),前者采用圆柱体导热模型,求得在某特定温度下固定床有效导热系数;后者根据固定床拟均相非稳态传热模型,获得了适用于宽温度范围的固定床有效导热系数与气体导热系数和固体导热系数之间的关联式。并将填充挤条型氧化铁系催化剂、催化剂载体Al2O3和玻璃珠的固定床的测定结果与前人推荐的固定床有效导热系数的多种计算方法进行比较。结果证明,对于气-固体系计算固定床的有效导热系数较为适宜的经验式为:λb0=λf×10(0.785-0.057lg(λs/λf))×lg(λs/λf)。该经验式在20～500℃对于高、中、低导热系数多种物系的固体颗粒床层均适用。     

接触模式对球床堆有效导热系数影响的数值分析

为了分析相邻颗粒的接触模式对有效导热系数的影响,数值分析了3种不同的接触模式下有序堆积球床堆的有效导热系数。首先采用间隙模型分析了不考虑接触导热下的球床堆有效导热系数,然后采用面接触和短圆柱模型分析了考虑接触导热下的球床堆有效导热系数,最后分析了不同温度下接触模式对球床堆有效导热系数的影响。计算结果表明,在不考虑接触导热时,间隙模型下的球床堆计算结果与ZS关联式吻合很好。当考虑接触导热时,由于受网格质量限制,面接触计算模型的接触半径较大,因此计算的球床堆有效导热系数与ZSK关联式的结果相比误差较大;采用短圆柱接触模式计算发现,接触半径越小,计算得到的结果与ZSK关联式的结果吻合越好,因此在网格生成质量允许的情况下,推荐使用较小接触半径的短圆柱接触计算模型。同时发现随着温度的升高,接触模式对球床堆有效导热系数的影响减弱。     

颗粒堆积床接触导热的数值分离和分析

为了分析不同固体-流体导热系数比下接触导热对有效导热系数的影响,提出了基于孔隙尺度的接触导热的数值分离方法,在不同固体-流体导热系数比(6～4 400)下对简单立方结构堆积床中的接触导热进行了数值分析。当忽略接触导热时,计算模型中相邻颗粒之间的接触点采用间隙处理;当考虑接触导热时,计算模型中相邻颗粒之间的接触点采用短圆柱连接处理,接触导热通过这两种模型计算结果的差值获得。研究发现,有效导热系数随温度变化的趋势受接触导热的影响显著。考虑接触导热并且固体-流体导热系数比很大时,固相导热起主导作用;忽略接触导热时,流体导热起主导作用。随着固体-流体导热系数比的增大,接触导热对有效导热系数的贡献显著增大;当固体-流体导热系数比大于150时,接触导热对有效导热系数的贡献起主导作用。     

功能晶体导热性能影响因素的理论分析与预测

应用微观导热理论，依据功能晶体导热系数实测数据，得到了功能晶体导热系数与平均原子密度和平均相对原子质量之间的关联式，并给出了Ⅲ－Ⅴ族化合物半导体和碳化物晶体关联式中的常数，为这类晶体导热系数的预测提供了一种依据和方法。     

甲醇-水、水-丙酸和甲醇-丙酸体系汽液平衡的热力学性质

用新型泵式沸点仪测定了在101.325kPa下甲醇-水、水-丙酸、甲醇-丙酸3个二元系在不同液相组成时的沸点,并用间接法Tpx推算了甲醇-水、水-丙酸、甲醇-丙酸3个二元系的汽相平衡组成y.3个二元体系活度系数的关联分别用W ilson模型、NRTL模型、Margules模型和VanLaar模型进行关联,用最小二乘法求出了它们的液相活度系数模型参数.同时,用这些模型参数来计算它们的汽相组成y.所得的液相活度系数来计算3个二元体系的过量吉布斯自由焓函数GE/RT,并且研究的所有体系之间不存在共沸点.计算的沸点温度与实验的所测得的沸点温度吻合良好,由面积积分法检验这些模型参数计算的3个二元体系相平衡数据得到很好的热力学一致性.     

四氢呋喃水合物热物性非原位测量方法

利用Hot Disk热常数分析仪对四氢呋喃(THF)水合物导热系数和热扩散系数进行了非原位测量。实验结果表明,温度在254. 0～267. 0 K时非原位测得的THF水合物导热系数为0. 52～0. 57 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1);且随着温度的增加而线性增大。非原位测量导热系数值与原位测量导热系数值绝对值相差0. 045～0. 065 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1),误差为8%～12%。当温度从267. 0 K升高到277. 0 K时,非原位测得的THF水合物的导热系数增加剧烈,表现出非线性关系。在254. 0～267. 0 K时,非原位测得的THF水合物的热扩散系为0. 26～0. 31 mm~2·s~(-1);并随温度增加而减小。非原位测量的热扩散系数值与原位测量的热扩散系数绝对值相差0. 028～0. 068 mm~2·s~(-1),误差为10%～22%。原位测量与非原位测量产生的误差,分析认为可能是样品的转移过程中,空气中的水蒸气在水合物表面凝结成冰所致。     

纵向导热对错流式微型换热器总包换热系数的影响

采用三维数值模拟获得错流式微型换热器温度分布、总包传热系数和传热单元数,给出了总包传热系数关联式,通过一维对流一导热耦合模型给出纵向导热影响系数K．K为流体质量流量、流体比定压热容、流体和间壁固体热导率及换热器结构尺寸的函数．用K和关联式求得的总包换热系数相乘的方法预测错流式微型多通道换热器的总包换热系数,与模拟结果吻合较好．     

巷道变温圈内温度分布及不稳定传热系数求解方法

巷道围岩变温圈趋于稳定时的外缘半径处温度变化率趋于零,可近似理解为"变温圈趋于稳定时,半径为R0处围岩环形面单位面积导热量趋于0";将此特点描述为变温圈内导热微分方程求解的第二类边界条件,避免了求解温度场分布时复杂的积分问题,降低了求解难度.通过分离变量法将巷道围岩内部导热微分方程转换成斯特姆—刘维尔解问题;引入特征函数与范数,利用傅里叶—贝塞尔级数展开式与贝塞尔函数积分性质,推导得出巷道围岩内部温度分布函数,求得围岩内部温度分布函数在壁面的温度梯度,得到巷道围岩不稳定传热系数的解析式.采用MATLAB软件的计算功能,对比分析了推导得出的巷道围岩不稳定传热系数解析式的可信度与计算精度,表明推导得出的围岩内部温度分布函数及不稳定传热系数解析式是正确的、可信的.     

丙酮—三氯甲烷二元混合体系导热系数的瞬时测定

用瞬时法测定了２０℃和４０℃两个温度点下５个丙酮—三氯甲烷二元混合体系的导热系数，并且用５个已知导热系数的标准物质标定了装置，平均相对误差小于１％，实现了用计算机自动完成数据采集和处理，建立了导热系数与浓度的关联式，该法快速，便捷，测量时间为１ｓ，是快速分析混合物组成的有效方法     

烟草导热系数与含水率的变化关系

推导出了烟草导热系数与湿基含水率的关系式，并用实验测定值检测了推算式的精度。对于烟叶堆积床，推算值与实验测定值的绝对平均偏差为1．75％，算术平均偏差为0．15％；对于烟丝堆积床，推算值与实验测度值的绝对平均偏差为2．36％，算术平均偏差为0．25％。其精度均满足工程需求。该关系式也可推广应用于其他含湿多孔介质导热系数的计算。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-