两层供应链中的上游R&D补贴策略

为弥补研究与发展(R&D)问题的研究基本没有涉及到供应链的缺憾,以博弈论为工具,针对一个两层供应链系统,考虑政府对上游垄断企业的R&D补贴策略。上游垄断企业为下游企业提供投入品,而下游企业在市场上进行产量竞争;在生产投入品之前,上游企业从事成本降低型R&D。研究了政府的最优R&D补贴问题;同时分析了下游企业数量变动对R&D产出、投入、产量和利润等变量产生的影响。结果表明:R&D补贴率仅与下游企业数量有关,而与其他变量无关;下游企业数量越大,补贴率越小。     

纵向一体化与R&D投资

在由一个上游和一个下游企业组成的体系中，每个企业通过Ｒ＆Ｄ可降低产品成本，研究了企业Ｒ＆Ｄ投资和下游产品产量随纵向一体化的变动情况，结果表明，纵向一体化之后，每个企业的Ｒ＆Ｄ投资和下游产品产量，行业利润，消费者和社会总福利均增加，在纵向一体化之前，Ｒ＆Ｄ投资和下游产品产量较少的原因是每个企业作出决策时没有考虑另一个企业的利润，以一个物例对研究结果作进一步说明。     

跨国公司R＆D投资战略转变的特点

一、海外研发实验室逐渐由母国向他国转移 对2003年《财富》排列的世界500强跨国公司的母公司及海外分支机构的914家实验室调查显示,英国、德国、意大利、荷兰和瑞士跨国公司的实验室超过50%设在国外,位于加拿大、英国、意大利、荷兰和其他欧洲国家的实验室,有超过50%的实验室属外国所有.目前,欧美跨国公司的海外R＆D活动,约占其总研究开发活动的1/3.羡国跨国公司国外R＆D支出占国内R＆D支出的33%,欧盟为42%.日本跨国公司过去的R＆D活动主要安排在国内进行;20世纪90年代以来,日本企业R＆D国际化步伐明显加快,国外R＆D支出比例高达57%.     

实施反倾销税与政府补贴的国内总福利比较

通过建立模型,研究了国内政府对国外产品征收反倾销税与对国内产品实施政府补贴两种情况下,国内社会总福利的不同.模型的基本思想是国内企业与国外企业在国内市场上同时博弈,达到古诺产量均衡,国内政府追求最大化的国内社会总福利.结果显示,在对国内企业实施政府补贴的情况下,能得到更高的国内社会总福利,同时国内的消费者获得更多的消费者剩余,国内企业也获得了更多的利润;与之相对应,政府的财政收入有一定程度的下降.因此,面对国外产品的倾销,政府更应该采用对国内企业实施政府补贴而非对国外企业征收反倾销税.这个结论对国内政府应对国外产品进口采取何种措施具有一定的理论指导意义.     

我国企业Ｒ＆Ｄ投入不足原因与对策研究

我国企业R＆D投入严重不足,已经成为影响我国自主创新能力提升的重要障碍,急切需要采取措施增加我国企业R＆D投入水平。在对我国企业R＆D投入现状进行分析的基础上。探讨了造成我国企业R＆D投入不足的主要原因,并提出了促进我国企业R＆D投入增加的对策。     

基于数据包络方法的安徽省16市R&D效率研究

R＆D活动是科技创新的基础。各级政府和企业对R＆D活动的投入力度越来越大,如何提高R＆D效率,进而提高社会总体经济发展水平,是当前社会关注的热点问题。本文运用DEA方法研究2012年安徽省16个城市的R＆D效率,并分析存在的问题,提出改进对策。一、DEA模型指标选取根据数据来源的可行性以及数据选取的科学性,本文选取的R＆D投入指标是R＆D经费和R＆D人员折合全时当量;R＆D产出指标选取的是申请发明专利、发表科技论文和高新技术产业增加值。     

转轨时期俄罗斯政府在技术创新中的地位与作用

在经济转轨国家的转轨初期，处于新旧制度交替阶段．技术创新存在着双重失效问题。科技发展中的“市场失效”主要表现在一些重要的、长远的研究开发项目和基础性的、公益性的研究开发项目很难吸引企业投资，同时，由于短期利益的影响，一些企业也不愿意增加研究开发投入。为此，政府必须保证对基础性、长远性和公益性研究项目的支持。为了增加企业对R＆D的投入．政府常常需要在税收、补贴等方面采取激励措施；为避免市场的扭曲作用．需要健全科技法规和加强政府的引导作用。     

扩展的R＆D政策及其作用发挥与评价

R＆D政策是经济增长政策的重要组成部分。扩展的R＆D政策既包含R＆D投入政策,也包含促进创新成果的产生、扩散以及商业化的政策;既有政府层面的R＆D政策,也有企业层面的R＆D政策。为充分发挥R＆D政策的经济推动作用,必须完善R＆D政策体系,构建功能完备的R＆D政策支撑网络,建立科学的R＆D政策评价模式。     

科研开发投资在美国

科技研究和开发(简称R＆D)投资是衡量一个国家经济发展和科技水平的重要标志。冷战结束后,美国的工业企业、高新技术产业发展速度减缓,使美国国际竞争地位下降。对此,克林顿政府对科技政策进行了重大调整,其中包括R＆D的投资策略。 1994年美国工业企业,政府和大学在R＆D上的投资总额为1760亿美元,占美国国内总产值的2.6％,大于世界上任何一个国家。统计资料表明,与此相比1992年美国用于R＆D的开支比日本、德国和法国三国R＆D开支加起来还多28％,然而这三个国家用     

基于“十二五”规划的山西省财政科技拨款预测

对山西省历年来“R＆D经费”和“财政科技拨款”数据之间的关系进行了分析研究，预测了山西省2012-2015年各年度GDP、R＆D、R＆D／GDP、财政科技拨款可能达到的目标值，指出“十二五”期间山西省各级政府应超常规增加财政投入，充分发挥政府资金的引导和促进作用，以财政科技投入带动全社会的R＆D投入，同时认为，虽然政府资金对R＆D经费具有十分明显的拉动作用，但拉动作用的大小与地方政府资金投入方向、政府相关政策落实、创新环境建设情况等有很大关系。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-