辐射与物质的相互作用

具有较高能量的射线照射物质时,被物质吸收,使其内部组成、结构和性质发生变化。被照物质的变化可以归结为三种效应:物理效应、化学效应和生物效应。研究三种效应的规律应用于科研和生产中,从而发展起来的一门新兴技术即辐射应用技术。     

降低套筒滚子链传动多边形效应的常用措施及其应用

说明套筒滚子链传动多边形效应,提出了降低套筒滚子链传动多边形效应的三种常用方法。通过一则工程案例,详细说明了利用交错齿多排链传动降低链传动多边形效应并提高链传动运动精度的一种实用措施。     

涡旋态参与的约瑟夫森效应

报道一种新的约瑟夫森效应—涡旋态参与的约瑟夫森效应。在这种效应中,涡旋束缚态和Andreev态的干涉效应导致了约瑟夫森超流的台阶状演化,并且台阶数目等于有效导电通道数目。     

核武器的电磁效应

效应的类型前面几章研究了核爆炸的几种比较显著的效应。另外,还有一种效应,可对通信、指挥、’控制产生严重的影响,这就是发生在爆炸瞬间的性质上炯然不同的电磁效应。我们把这些效应称为电磁脉冲和大气电离,并将在本章进行研究。     

浅谈诱导效应与共轭效应

电子效应分为诱导效应和共轭效应两种。所谓诱导效应是指在有机物分子中,由于电负性不同的原子或原子团的影响,使整个分子中成键电子云向某一方向移动,从而使分子发生极化的效应。所谓共轭效应是指由于形成共轭π键而引起的分子性质改变的效应,也称C效应。     

利用坐标变换研究Hawking效应的实质

利用Ｒｉｎｄｌｅｒ效应的实质。从而证实了Ｈａｗｋｉｎｇ效应是坐标尺度变换下的一种补偿效应。     

广义层次空间的集体效应

通过假想体系的热力学第二定律推广形式的讨论,展现一种信息定义的“集体效应”——“群动力学效应”现象。其有可能导致一种新的微观模型设想。     

超分辨率重构图像的噪声分析与消除

在超分辨率重构图像中,可以观察到四种不同的重构噪声,分别是边缘振荡效应、梳毛效应、边缘锯齿效应和方块效应.本文提出了一种能同时有效地滤除这四种重构噪声的边界自适应滤波算法.实验结果表明,该算法能在保持图像细节信息的同时较好地滤除各种重构噪声.     

晕轮效应的心理研究

正晕轮效应是一种容易将人导入认知误区的心理效应,可如果运用得当,我们也能将它变作一块通往成功之路的垫脚石晕轮效应,是指人们对他人进行认知时,依据个人的喜好得出最初的判断,再根据这个判断推论出认知对象的其他品质,由于摸不准对方的真实品质,形成一种或好或坏的"成见"。这好比在云雾的作用下,日月的光辉扩散到四周,形成了一个光环,因此晕轮效应又称为"光环效应"。晕轮效应——以偏概全的     

减少分形编码方块效应的一种解决方案

分形图像编码方法通常把输入图像分割成小块,这在图像中引入了人为边缘,从而产生了恼人的块效应(特别是高压缩率下).这种块效应限制了基于块的编码方法的广泛应用,因此必须探索减少块效应的方法.目前已有2种方法,一种是构造分形变换时使用块重叠方案,另一种是结合小波分解方法.这里提出一种新的可选方法,主要利用双线性插值方法和分形编码的分辨率独立性,即解码可以按高于或低于原图像分辨率进行.实验表明,该方法能够减少方块效应.     

Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization

The inferior temporal cortex (IT) of primates is thought to be the final visual area in the ventral stream of cortical areas responsible for object recognition. Consistent with this hypothesis, single IT neurons respond selectively to highly complex visual stimuli such as faces. However, a direct causal link between the activity of face-selective neurons and face perception has not been demonstrated. In the present study of macaque monkeys, we artificially activated small clusters of IT neurons by means of electrical microstimulation while the monkeys performed a categorization task, judging whether noisy visual images belonged to 'face' or 'non-face' categories. Here we show that microstimulation of face-selective sites, but not other sites, strongly biased the monkeys' decisions towards the face category. The magnitude of the effect depended upon the degree of face selectivity of the stimulation site, the size of the stimulated cluster of face-selective neurons, and the exact timing of microstimulation. Our results establish a causal relationship between the activity of face-selective neurons and face perception.     

视觉文化与新闻学教育的思考

视觉文化作为一种新的文化现象,已成为当代文化的主流.视觉文化传播时代的来临.不但标志着一种文化形态的转变和形成,也标志一种新传播理念的拓展和形成.介绍了视觉主导的文化,分析了视觉文化传播教育的发展现状,从文化、视觉、教育等方面,阐述了视觉文化在教育中的潜在价值.     

威胁刺激类型对不同特质焦虑水平跆拳道运动员视觉搜索效率的影响

为探讨威胁刺激类型对不同特质焦虑水平跆拳道运动员视觉搜索绩效的影响,采用视觉搜索范式,以真实比赛场景中具有威胁性的视频和图片为刺激材料,对52名跆拳道运动员(高、低特质焦虑水平组各26人)视觉搜索反应时和反应准确率进行了考察.结果发现:低特质焦虑水平跆拳道运动员的视觉搜索效率更高,威胁刺激及刺激呈现方式对跆拳道运动员的视觉搜索效率均有显著影响.     

A comparison of inhibition in orientation and spatial frequency selectivity of cat visual cortex

Neurones in the visual cortex are highly selective for orientation and spatial frequency of visual stimuli. There is strong neurophysiological evidence that orientation selectivity is enhanced by inhibitory interconnections between columns in the cortex which have different orientation sensitivities, an idea which is supported by experiments using neuropharmacological manipulation or complex visual stimuli. It has also been proposed that selectivity for spatial frequency is mediated in part by a similar mechanism to that for orientation, although evidence for this is based on special use of visual stimuli, which hampers interpretation of the findings. We have therefore examined selectivity for both orientation and spatial frequency using a technique which allows direct inferences about inhibitory processes. Our method uses microiontophoresis of an excitatory amino acid to elevate maintained discharge of single neurones in the visual cortex. We then present visual stimuli both within and outside the range of orientations and spatial frequencies which cause a cell to respond with increased discharge. Our results show that orientations presented on either side of the responsive range usually produce clear suppression of maintained discharge. In marked contrast, spatial frequencies shown to either side of the responsive range have little or no effect on maintained activity. We conclude that there is an intracortical organization of inhibitory connections between cells tuned to different orientations but not different spatial frequencies.     

Ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia blocks consolidation of ocular dominance changes in kitten visual cortex

In the visual cortex of mammals, response properties of single neurons can be changed by restricted visual experience during early postnatal development. Covering one eye for four to eight hours when kittens are at the peak of the sensitive period is sufficient to weaken the influence of the occluded eye on cortical neurons resulting in a noticeable shift of ocular dominance towards the open eye. The underlying changes in synaptic connections do not occur so readily when a kitten is anaesthetized and paralysed. We report here that an ocular dominance shift is prevented in alert kittens that receive repeated brief monocular exposures when these are followed by ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia. This retrograde effect on cortical plasticity suggests that the process by which synaptic activity is converted into structural changes has been disturbed.     

Effect of bleached rhodopsin on signal amplification in rod visual receptors

Bleaching of rhodopsin markedly desensitizes the vertebrate visual system during a subsequent period of dark adaptation. Previous studies have indicated an origin of bleaching desensitization in the visual pigment itself, but have not identified the mechanism of action. A candidate for the site at which densensitization is initially expressed is the activation of transducin (formation of T*) on the rod disk membranes; this reaction directly involves rhodopsin in its photoactivated (R*) form and mediates initial amplification of the visual signal (reviewed in refs 7-9). We have analysed the effect of bleaching on the sensitivity of a flash-induced light-scattering signal known to monitor the disk-based amplifier, and which has been established as specifically monitoring transducin activation. We have recorded this signal from functioning retinal rods in situ ('ATR' signal) and find that bleaches inducing a pronounced, sustained loss in rod electrophysiological sensitivity do not alter the sensitivity of the ATR response after correction for reduced quantum catch. Our results indicate that the biochemical gain of the R*----T* transduction stage remains unchanged in the presence of bleached pigment and implicate a subsequent reaction as the first to show a sustained, bleaching-dependent gain reduction.     

基于频域多尺度小波变换的CR图像超分辨率增强

针对CR(Computed Radiography)成像过程中分辨率不足的问题,提出了一种基于小波变换的超分辨率增强方
法。该方法通过小波分析方法对低频尺度系数进行灰度值分割,对高频小波系数进行增益操作,
并给出了小波系数增强策略。对CR胸部透视图像进行算法验证的结果表明,该算法改
善了图像的视觉效果,从而验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

基于SIFT的视觉单词在人脸识别中的研究

近年来,基于视频的人脸识别吸引了很多人的关注,同时,视觉词袋(BoWs)模型已成功地应用在图像检索和对象识别中。提出了一种基于视频的人脸识别的方法,它利用了视觉单词,在经典的视觉单词中,第一次在兴趣点提取尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)的图像描述;这些兴趣点由高斯差分(DoG)检测,然后基于k均值的视觉词汇生成,使用视觉单词的索引以取代这些描述符。然而,在人脸图像中,由于面部姿势失真,面部表情和光照条件变化,SIFT描述符不是很好。因此,使用仿射SIFT(ASIFT)描述符作为人脸图像表示法。在Yale及ORL人脸数据库上的实验结果表明,在人脸识别中,基于仿射SIFT描述符的视觉单词方法可以获得较低的错误率。     

基于曲率约束因子与边缘加权法则的图像修复算法

针对当前较多图像修复算法主要通过对图像块进行方差和度量的方法来完成图像修复,忽略了图像块的显著边缘特性,使得修复图像容易出现模糊效应以及不连续效应等不良现象,导致算法修复性能不佳的不足,提出了基于曲率约束因子耦合边缘加权法则的图像修复算法.首先,通过像素点的等照度线方向构造曲率约束因子,对数据项进行约束,形成优先级度量函数,利用优先级度量函数选取优先修补块;然后,利用像素点的均值之差构造像素自相关模型,对样本块的大小进行了调整;最后,以样本块显著边缘为约束,构造了边缘加权模型,通过边缘加权模型联合SSD(sum of squared differences)模型建立了边缘加权法则,对最优匹配块进行搜索,用于对待修补块进行修复.仿真实验结果表明,与当前图像修复算法相比,本文设计的图像修复算法修复的图像具有良好的视觉效果.