碳酸二甲酯催化合成反应新途径的研究

研究了环氧丙烷(PO)、二氧化碳和甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的反应过程. 四丁基溴化铵和甲醇钠构成该反应的双组份催化剂. 实验结果表明,在T=423 K、p=4 Mpa条件下,将该双组分催化剂分两次加入时,DMC的选择性为55.8%,副产物的选择性为1.4%. 该结果明显优于将该双组分催化剂一次性加入情况的结果.     

超临界CO2与环氧丙烷和甲醇催化反应体系研究

以负载型氧化物为催化剂,研究了二氧化碳在超临界条件下,与甲醇和环氧丙烷一步合成碳酸二甲酯的反应性能。发现反应中的DMC是由PO和二氧化碳环加成合成的PC与甲醇进行酯交换所生成的,甲醇对PO和二氧化碳合成PC具有促进作用,催化剂具有较好的催化活性和稳定性。     

超临界CO_2与环氧丙烷和甲醇催化反应体系研究

以负载型氧化物为催化剂 ,研究了二氧化碳在超临界条件下 ,与甲醇和环氧丙烷一步合成碳酸二甲酯的反应性能 .发现反应中的DMC是由PO和二氧化碳环加成合成的PC与甲醇进行酯交换所生成的 ,甲醇对PO和二氧化碳合成PC具有促进作用 ,催化剂具有较好的催化活性和稳定性     

Salen-AlCl/n-Bu4NBr体系在催化酯交换中协同效应研究

碳酸二甲酯是一种有多种用途的环境友好化学品,主要由甲醇氧化羰基化法(非光气法)和甲醇光气法(光气法)合成,这两种方法都使用了剧毒或有毒的光气和一氧化碳.而酯交换法是一种可以在温和条件下合成碳酸二甲酯的方法.为此研究了Sa len-A l配合物体系催化碳酸乙烯酯与甲醇酯交换反应生成碳酸二甲酯的行为.证明了Sa len-A l配合物体系不仅是环氧烷烃与二氧化碳合成碳酸乙烯酯的优良催化剂,而且也能很好地催化后续酯交换反应.发现最佳催化剂是Sa len-A lC l/n-Bu4NB r,它们间存在协同效应.测得最佳反应条件是温度120℃、反应时间2 h、n(M eOH)∶n(PC)=8∶1、催化剂摩尔分数为0.4%.     

CuCl2对催化合成碳酸二甲酯反应的影响

探讨了焙烧温度、铜含量和催化剂制备时n(OH)／n(Cu)比值等对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯反应中铜基催化剂反应活性的影响，对催化剂进行了比表面、孔分布、SEM和XRD测试。结果表明，高温焙烧降低了催化剂的比表面积，有利于活性组分铜在活性炭载体的分布，提高了反应活性。研究表明，Cu2OCl2是甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯反应的活性物种。     

Cu-Zn二元组分催化剂催化甲醇氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯

针对甲醇氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯工艺,开发具有较高活性的Cu-Zn二元组分催化剂体系.采用正交设计和中心响应曲面法设计实验,并使用Statistica软件进行统计分析,得到反应的主要影响因素.优化的工艺条件为反应温度363~373K、反应压力2.8MPa、催化剂质量浓度(以甲醇的体积计)0.20~0.30g/mL和反应时间4~6h.在此工艺条件下,甲醇的转化率可达53.51%,碳酸二甲酯的选择性可达93.0%以上.     

金属氧化物负载KF催化剂用于合成DMC

研究了金属氧化物负载KF的固体碱催化剂对甲醇与碳酸丙烯酯酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯反应的活性,考察了反应条件的影响。结果表明,KF／ZnO在本反应中表现出高活性,其最佳实验条件为负载KF15g/(100g),反应温度413K。     

负载型金属氧化物催化酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯

制备了多种以γ - Al2O3为载体的负载金属氧化物催化剂,考察其在由碳酸乙烯酯(EC)与甲醇(ME)酯交换法合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中的催化活性,其中以K2 O/γ - Al2 O3催化活性较好.同时考察了负载量、催化剂用量、甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对反应的影响,最终确定最佳反应条件:催化剂为K2O/γ - Al2O3,甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯摩尔比为5,m(催化剂)∶m(甲醇)为1∶200,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为3h,在此条件下,碳酸二甲酯收率最佳为52.0％.     

负载CuCl2催化剂上甲醇气相氧化羰化制碳酸二甲酯的研究

经胺基官能团化介孔分子筛负载型CuCl2催化剂．表现出较高的甲醇转化率和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)收率以及较好的催化剂寿命．采用XRD、XPS和BET等对催化剂的体相结构和表面物种进行研究表明：(1)所合成介孔分子筛具有2～4nm的规整孔通道．足以容纳胺基官能团和CuCl2物种，同时留下供反应分子扩散和反应的适度空间，产生足够高的反应活性；(2)CuCl2与胺基之间存在的配位作用．有利于稳定活性中心铜离子．并使在甲醇气相氧化羰化制碳酸二甲酯反应条件下Cu(II)／Cu(I)之间的“氧化-还原”过程易于进行．     

Cu/AC催化剂制备方法对气相甲醇氧化羰基化的影响

以醋酸铜和硝酸铜为铜源,分别采用浸渍法和沉积沉淀法制备了活性炭(AC)负载型无氯Cu/AC催化剂,并考察了制备方法对催化剂微观结构及气相甲醇氧化羰基化反应的影响。结果表明,以硝酸铜为铜源,采用沉积沉淀法制备的Cu/AC-D催化剂中Cu物种以CuO和Cu2O为主,活性低;采用醋酸铜溶液浸渍活性炭制备的Cu/AC-A催化剂中Cu物种以单质Cu0的形式存在,活性大幅提升;以硝酸铜溶液浸渍活性炭制备的Cu/AC-N催化剂中Cu物种以单质Cu0为主,并存在一定量的Cu2O和CuO物种,该方法制备的催化剂中CuO和Cu2O还原温度低,Cu晶粒尺寸小,CO的低温吸附能力强,催化活性高,碳酸二甲酯的选择性和时空收率分别达到83.3%和177.0mg/(g·h),200h内平均失活率仅为0.25%/h。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.