Recent Advances in High Efficiency Solar Cells

1 Results The conversion efficiency of sunlight to electricity is limited around 25%,when we use single junction solar cells. In the single junction cells,the major energy losses arise from the spectrum mismatching. When the photons excite carriers with energy well in excess of the bandgap,these excess energies were converted to heat by the rapid thermalization. On the other hand,the light with lower energy than that of the bandgap cannot be absorbed by the semiconductor,resulting in the losses. One way of reducing these losses is fabricating tandem or stacked solar cells. Merely stacking the more number of cells with different bandgap can increase the conversion efficiency. III-V compound multi-junction solar cells,such as InGaP/GaAs/Ge,have the potential for achieving high conversion efficiencies that are promising for space and terrestrial applications. One of the important issues for realizing the high conversion efficiency is the optically and electrically low-loss interconnection of each sells. A degenerately impurity doped tunnel junction,which is thin and wide-bandgap,is an attractive one,and a double hetero structure is useful for preventing impurity diffusion during the overgrowth of the top cell. Another issue is a lattice matching. Since there is a slightly difference in the lattice constant between Ge substrate and GaAs,the misfit dislocations are generated in thick GaAs layers and the electrical properties degrade. To prevent this problem,InGaAs is applied as a middle cell material,which is lattice matching to the Ge substrate. So far,the conversion efficiency of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge has been improved up to 29%-30% (AM0) and 31.7% (AM1.5G). The concentrator cells achieved the higher conversion efficiency up to 40.7% under 240 suns. For realizing a future multi-junction solar cell with ultra-high performance,InGaAsN and related materials are investigated,because it can be grown lattice matched to GaAs with a band gap in the range of 0.9-1.4 eV. When we adopt the InGaP/GaAs/InGaAsN/Ge structure as a four-junction solar cell,the efficiency over 40% (AM1.5G) will be expected. However,the minority carrier diffusion length in the present InGaAsN crystal is too short to realize the tandem solar cells with the expected high performance. To solve this problem,we have been developing the chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) method for achieving InGaAsN with good quality. The films are grown using organic gas molecules as sources under a high vacuum condition (10-2 Pa). Because of the ultra low pressure,the reactions between the source gases in the gas phase are suppressed and the chemical reactions occur only on a growing surface,which allow using active source gases that decompose at low temperatures. GaAsN thin films are grown using monomethylhydrazine as a N source with narrow X-ray diffraction peaks at growth temperatures in the 380-420 ℃ range. In the present talk,we will review the progress of high conversion efficiency tandem-solar cells and discuss some of our recent results.     

How a membrane agent buys goods in a membrane store

In this paper we consider a specific model of membrane systems, i. e. membrane systems with attributes. In these systems, the information is placed at the membranes in form of attributes, no objects are considered inside the membranes except for other membranes. The membrane system with attributes evolves according to rules that compute new values for the attributes from the attributes assigned to the membranes involved in the rule. The model of membrane systems with attributes allows us to specify business transactions in a precise way and to simulate different models for such transactions with a suitable tool for membrane systems with attributes.     

How a membrane agent buys goods in a membrane store

In this paper we consider a specific model of membrane systems, i. e. membrane systems with attributes. In these systems, the information is placed at the membranes in form of attributes, no objects are considered inside the membranes except for other membranes. The membrane system with attributes evolves according to rules that compute new values for the attributes from the attributes assigned to the membranes involved in the rule. The model of membrane systems with attributes allows us to specify business transactions in a precise way and to simulate different models for such transactions with a suitable tool for membrane systems with attributes.     

Organolead halide perovskites: a family of promising semiconductor materials for solar cells

Great attention has recently been drawn to developing cost-effective, high efficiency solar cells to meet the ever increasing demand for clean energy. We have most recently witnessed a breakthrough and a rapid development in solid state, hybrid solar cells using or- ganolead halide perovskites as light harvesters. These semiconductors can not only serve as sensitizer in solid state sensitized solar cells with efficiency up to unprece- dented 15 %, but also function as both light absorber and hole conductor （or electron conductor） at the same time to display power conversion efficiency above 10 %. In this review, we will introduce their operation mechanism, structure, and especially the development of the organolead halide perovskite based solar cells. Based on the achieve- ments that have been made to date, solid state photovoltaic device with superior performance than the present one is highly expected.     

Recent progress of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on small-molecular donors

Organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on small molecular donors have received great attentions recently, because small molecules possess the merits of high purity, well-defined molecular structures, definite molecular weights and high charge carrier mobility. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of BHJ solar cells based on small molecular donors and fullerene derivative acceptors has reached 7.38%. In this review, we will briefly summarize the development of small molecular donor based BHJ solar cells in the past two years. These results suggest that small molecular donors are promising candidates for high efficiency BHJ solar cells.     

Study of the Development Road Map of China’s Renewable Energy

Renewable energy （RE） has been attached high attention around the world due to its carbon-free and indigenous production in a sustainable way. China enjoys plenty of renewable energy resources, particularly the wind, solar, hydro- and biomass energy, which could be a sound basis for a large-scale exploitation. This report examines the current status of RE technology and industry, analyzes the challenges of promoting RE in China. In order to pave the way for a long-term development of RE, this paper outlines the basic principles and priorities for individual RE technology. In line with these, the paper puts forward the RE targets and further describes the RE road map by 2020, 2030 and extend to 2050, taking consideration of China＇ s RE resources, industrial basis and energy demand etc. At last, this paper provides some recommendations to ensure the achievements of the RE targets.     

Organic photovoltaic cells: Novel organic semiconducting materials and molecular arrangement engineering

Organic photovoltaic cells(OPVs) have attracted more and more attention due to its highly potential application to solve the energy crisis considering its advantages,such as low cost and ease of large area production.The power conversion efficiency(PCE) of OPVs has undergone a more than nine-fold increase from ～1.0% by Tang in 1986 to 9.2% in 2010 announced by Mitsubishi Chemical.The major challenges of obtaining high efficiency OPVs are the synthesis of new narrow band gap materials,controlling molecular arrangement,designing novel configuration cells for better photon harvesting in the active layer.In the article,we summarized the recent progress of novel narrow band gap photovoltaic materials and the effective methods to control the morphology of donor and acceptor in the blend films for high performance of OPVs.     

A Novel Polymer Electrolyte Using In-situ Quanternization for All Solid-state Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

1 Introduction Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with a mesoporous network of interconnected TiO2 nanocrystals have attracted wide-spread scientific and technological interest over the past decades due to its low cost and high energy conversion efficiency. Meantime, it also has been considered as potential alternative to conventional photovoltaic devices. In 2001, Gratzel group constructed such kind of DSSC with the conversion efficiency of more than 11%[1]. But this system uses liquid electrolyte with the disadvantages of fluity and volatility, which reduces the long-term stability and increases difficulties in sealing the device.     

A novel lignite pre-drying system with low-grade heat integration for modern lignite power plants

The lignite pre-drying process plays an important role in modern lignite power plants and the fluidized bed dryer with internal heat utilization is a promising drying method which has both high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. After conducting an in-depth analysis of a typical lignite pre-drying power plant, this work proposed a novel lignite pre-drying system with low-grade heat integration. Through system integration, the low-temperature evaporation of the lignite was recovered to heat the combustion air, while the residual heat from the flue gases was used to heat the feed or condensed water, thereby saving a portion of heat from the steam bleeds of the high and intermediate pressure turbines. The results for a 1,000 MW lignite-fired power plant showed that, the proposed pre-drying system could yield an increase in net plant efficiency of approximately 3.6 % points and a reduction in the cost of electricity of $1.83/（MW h）. The thermodynamic and economic performances were each superior to those of the existing pre-drying system, convincingly demonstrating that the research of this paper may provide a promising integrated lignite pre-drying method for the next-generation of lignite-fired power plants.     

一种电梯能量回馈系统的研究(英文)

In this paper, to study the regeneration power of elevator, we considered the annual status and trend of installing elevators areanalyzed to analyze magnitude of the regeneration power consumed at the regeneration resistors in domestic elevators. In case of a solar connectedinverter with high efficiency using the regeneration power of an elevator, that is proposed, average power conversion efficiency per day is identified 60[%] more increased than existing PV Inverter.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-