Beziehung zwischen Nebenniere und aktivem Kationentransport

Summary The active sodium transport through the membrane of coldstored red cells of adrenalectomised rats is significantly decreased, whereas the rate of active exchange of potassium is not influenced by adrenalectomy. Cardiac glycosides likewise slow down only the active sodium exchange in the blood of both the normal and adrenalectomised animals in contrast to their action on human red cells.     

Isolierung der menschlichen Eosinophilen und ihrer Granula

Summary A method is described for isolation of the granula from human eosinophils. The eosinophile leucocytes are separated on the basis of their osmotic resistance and subsequently lysed with distilled water and a wetting agent.

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Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden durch ein Stipendium des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung ermöglicht.     

Struktur und Wirkung des Muscarins,des Muscarons und ihrer Stereoisomeren

Summary All synthetic isomers of (+)-muscarine, the racemic forms of epi-muscarine, allo-muscarine, and epiallo-muscarine are at least 100 times less potent on blood pressure of cats and isolated frog hearts than the natural alkaloid. Only muscarones are more potent and exhibit strong nicotinic action on the frog rectus and in blocking ganglionic and neuro-muscular transmission in the cat. They closely resemble acetylcholine in their structure and action.The activity of the isomers depends on the position of the constituents on the tetrahydrofurane ring. Steric hindrance of the hydroxy or carbonylgroup and of etheroxygen plays an important part in the contact with the cholinergic receptor. As nor-muscarine without the quarternary nitrogen is inactive, at least 3 different points of contact have to be considered. This is stressed by the fact that muscarine is highly stereospecific in its action, whereas muscarone is not.     

Das Virialtheorem in seiner Beziehung zu den mechanischen Grundlegungen des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Wärmelehre

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von S. Flügge P. Niedernberg zugeeignet     

Albert Einstein in seinen Beziehungen zu Mitgliedern der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von C. Truesdell     

Eine neue Umlagerung der Phenylalkane und ihre Beziehung zur Friedel-Crafts-Reaktion

Summary In the course of various methods of Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions, isomerizations are taking place which could only partly be explained by existing theories. On the basis of a newly discovered rearrangement of phenylalkanes, a large part of the hitherto described anomalous reactions may be explained. Possible mechanisms for these rearrangements are discussed.     

Die Alkoholdehydrogenase Ihre Wirkungsweisen und Komplexverbindungen

Summary Liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) is one of the most intensely studied of all enzymes because it is easily available in crystalline form and has many properties which are favourable for experimentation. Its mode of action has been elucidated to some extent mainly by kinetic experiments with and without inhibitors.Its substrate specificity is very low, since the enzyme attacks a great variety of primary and secondary alcohols, or reversibly aldehydes and ketones. Its main physiological function is still unknown, but may be found by the aid of pyrazole which acts as a specific inhibitor in vivo.Complexes of the enzyme with coenzyme, or coenzyme + inhibitors have been crystallized and are presently being studied by X-ray crystallography in the hope of determining the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. The formation of the ternary complexes leads to a profound change of conformation (monoclinic instead ofortho-rhombic crystals). Simultaneously the optical rotatory dispersion is drastically changed.

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Paul-Karrer-Vorlesung, gehalten am 30. Juni 1965, an der Universität Zürich (Schweiz).     

Die polarographische Untersuchung von Chalkonen und Flavanonen

Summary It has been found by polarographic analysis in neutral or acid solution that chalcones show two reduction potentials, while flavanones show only one.It was possible to determine 2'-hydroxy-chalcone beside flavanone with a polarograph.The formation rate of a chalcone from an aldehyde and a ketone could be followed polarographically.     

Die Reizbewegungen der Mimosoideen und ihre Hormone

Summary The irritation substances of various plants of the family of Mimosoideae are highly sensitive to oxygen, and their chemical behaviour is that of reductones. Just the same substances were also found in non-sensitive plants. Meso-inositol is perhaps one of the original compounds leading to the active substances. It became possible to explain some characteristics of the irritation-process ofMimosa pudica by regarding known properties of reductones, i.e. the irritation reaction, the restitution, the influence of sun-light and their sleeping in darkness.

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Herrn Prof.Arthur Stoll zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Aus dem chemischen Institut der Universität Freiburg i. Br. und dem Institut für organische Chemie an der Universität Erlangen.

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Mein lieber Freund Dr.B. Banerjee hat die Fortsetzung dieser Untersuchung nicht mehr erlebt. Noch während seines Aufenthalts in Deutschland überfiel ihn die tückische Krankheit, der er kurz nach seiner Heimkehr erlag.     

Die Entwicklung der Valenzlehre und Alfred Werner

Summary Surveying the various concepts of valency which have been put forward sinceDalton for the classification of chemical phenomena, it is found that the principles have been either dualistic (Berzelius, Blomstrand, Arrhenius, Kossel) or unitarian (Gerhard, Couper, Kekulé). The phenomena of inorganic chemistry can be classified only by using dualistic concepts, whereas unitarian systems proved to be superior for the phenomena of organic chemistry. In the conceptions of G. N.Lewis and N.Sidgwick, a combination of dualistic and unitarian concepts in one theory was achieved by distinguishing two types of bonds (mobile-immobile, polar-non-polar, ioniccovalent). With the octet rule, ions as well as molecules (uncharged and charged) may be derived and it is readily understood that bonds may vary from extreme polarity to non-polar links.The coordination theory ofWerner neither fits into the dualistic nor the unitarian class of valency principles.Werner derives the compounds by using principal and auxiliary valencies (Haupt- und Nebenvalenzen) and distinguishes addition and insertion compounds (Anlagerungs- und Einlagerungsverbindungen). However, he avoids making any statement concerning the nature of the bonds, which makes his system very adaptable but difficult to grasp. Today it is readily understood thatWerner's principal valency characterizes the stoichiometry and his coordination number characterizes the structure of the compound in question without making any statement about the nature of the bonds involved. Because of thatWerner's concepts have survived and are indispensable even today, in spite of the rise of atomic physics which has changed our views on the nature of the chemical bonds so drastically.

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Paul-Karrer-Vorlesung, gehalten am 22. Juni 1966 zum Anlass der hundertsten Wiederkehr des Geburtstages vonAlfred Werner, dem Vorgänger von Professor Karrer auf dem Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Chemie der Universität Zürich.     

Die papierelektrophoretische Auftrennung von Phosphoarginin und Arginin

Summary A paper electrophoretic separation method for phosphoarginin and arginin is described.     

Die modernen Methoden und Ergebnisse der Geophysik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Sofortwirkung des Thyroxins und ihre klinische Bedeutung

Summary Former investigations have shown, that Thyroxine does not accelerate directly oxidations but the fermentations and that combustions are increased by the breakdown products only. That is why Thyroxine cannot act from the blood, for on the surface of the cells fermentations are stopped by the oxidations because of the Pasteur reaction. Therefore Thyroxine must reach the O₂-poor interior of cells by means of the peripheral nerves. If it is so then in case of the damage of the cells—which is followed as known by the paralysis of the Pasteur reaction—Thyroxine must act directly from the blood without any latency, for then fermentations are no longer stopped at the surface of the cells. The experiments have shown indeed, that if you produce by anemia on white rats a lack of oxygen, Thyroxine increases the oxidations up to 50% already in about 30 minutes which in the case of normal animals cannot be expected before 24 hours. It is probable that in the case of the general damage of cells (serious anemia, uncompensated heart defects, tumors) the noticeable loss in weight and cachexia are conditioned by that Thyroxine which circulates in the blood-stream and they may be cured by remedies such as Thiouracil or Thermothyrine.     

Riemanns frühe Notizen zum Mannigfaltigkeitsbegriff und zu den Grundlagen der Geometrie

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von C. J. Scriba     

Sauerstoff-Heteroringe. Die Konfiguration und Synthese desd,l-Homopterocarpins

Summary The racemic form of homopterocarpin (V), a constituent of red sandal-wood, has been synthesized by a method which has previously been proposed by the authors. N. M. R. spectral studies in conjunction with the examination of models have enabled the assignment of thecis configuration (V) to homopterocarpin.

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V. Mitteilung. IV. Mitteilung sieheH. Suginome, Exper.18, 161 (1962).     

Die mathematischen und philosophischen Grundlagen des Weierstraßschen Zahlbegriffs zwischen Bolzano und Cantor

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von H. J. M. Bos     

Die Wirkung von Spirolactonen und von Herzglykosiden auf den Natrium- und Kaliumtransport an Erythrocyten

Summary Experiments made on human red cells showed that spirolactones (SC 5233 and SC 9420) added to the sample as dry powder (10^–3 g/ml) exert an inhibitory action on the active transport of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane. Spirolactone at its saturation concentration in serum (1.5×10^–5 g/ml), however, was ineffective.The inhibitory action was not affected by aldosterone or hydrocortisone.Experiments involving exposure of red cells to spirolactone and a cardiac glycoside simultaneously led to the conclusion that these substances do not have the same mechanism of action. The inhibition caused by spirolactone added to the inhibition due to a supramaximal concentration of ouabain (5 × 10^–4).

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Diese Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch ein Stipendium der CIBA für naturwissenschaftliche, medizinische und technische Forschung.     

Die Zucht vonLytta vesicatoria im Laboratorium und Nachweis der Cantharidinsynthese in Larven

Summary Adult males ofLytta vesicatoria (Coleopt., Meloidae) synthesize cantharidin, but females do not, although the substance is present in the females too. We developed a method for rearing larvae of this parasitic beetle in the laboratory. It is shown that there exist 7 larval stages and 4 hypermetamorphic forms (triungulinus, second larva,pseudochrysalis and fourth larva). Larvae from the second to the fifth stage (second larva) synthesize cantharidin. Therefore, we conclude that the substance present in the adult female is at least in part synthesized in the larval period. Nothing is known about the biological significance of this biochemical sexual dimorphism.

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Coleoptera, Meloidae.