针对高速列车头车外形设计的风洞侧风试验模型选取方法

为了给高速列车风洞侧风试验的模型选取提供更多的参考依据,采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法对不同模型以200km/h速度运行时,在不同侧向风速下的气动力和流场结构进行分析.结果表明:相同侧向风速下,不同的高速列车缩比模型对头车的气动力系数影响不大,可以采用更短编组长度的高速列车模型即1.2车模型(头车+0.2节尾车)代替3车联挂模型对头车的气动特性进行风洞试验研究;考虑到尾车结构对头车末端区域的流场结构和压力分布的影响,高速列车风洞侧风试验中,不建议采用更短编组方式的模型.     

高速列车非定常气动力及其波动特性的雷诺数效应

基于Realizableκ-ε湍流模型的延迟分离涡模拟(DDES)方法,求解不同缩比尺度和来流速度下列车周围非定常流场.通过改变模型缩比尺度和来流速度来研究列车非定常气动特性的雷诺数效应和尺度效应.研究结果表明:随雷诺数增加,各节车气动阻力系数均方根基本呈现减小趋势,且波动明显;随雷诺数增大,列车各节车气动阻力系数和升力系数标准差均先减小后增大,且波动明显;气动力系数功率谱密度随雷诺数增大而变小;雷诺数对气动力系数主频有影响,但无明显规律;列车气动力的尺度效应显著,随雷诺数增大,列车气动力的尺度效应减弱,且列车升力的尺度效应相对显著;列车非定常气动阻力和升力振动的尺度效应随雷诺数增大而减弱,且列车非定常升力振动的尺度效应更加显著;尺度效应不改变列车气动力以低频为主的振动特性和列车气动力功率谱密度的分布规律,对气动力振动主频及其功率谱密度有显著影响.     

高速列车底部结构参数对气动阻力作用规律

高速列车的转向架区域是气动减阻研究的重点.通过样条曲线方法建立了高速列车底部结构的7参数化模型,采用计算流体力学及超拉丁立方抽样试验设计方法,研究了底部结构参数对高速列车气动阻力的影响规律.结果表明:底部结构参数对于三车总阻力、头、中、尾各节车气动阻力的影响分别为27%、37%、39%和22%,三车气动阻力对裙板高度、排障器厚度、舱前缘倒角最为敏感.但头、中、尾车影响规律不同于三车,有必要考虑对头、中、尾三车底部结构分别进行气动设计,以达到最优的减阻效果.底部结构参数主要影响列车底部平均流速改变底部结构所受气动阻力,进而影响高速列车气动阻力.     

桥梁对高速列车气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

为考虑侧风作用下桥梁对高速列车气动特性的影响,以高速列车与双线简支箱梁桥为原型,自主研制缩尺比为1:20的车-桥模型风洞试验模型装置,该装置可改变风偏角、测试对象以及列车与桥梁的相对位置等。测试高速列车的头车、中车及尾车各自的气动力,建立天平坐标系下测试数据转换到整体坐标系的转换关系,讨论雷诺数、车辆在桥面横向相对位置、风偏角对高速列车气动系数的影响。研究结果表明:基于自主研制车-桥模型的风洞试验测试是可行的;雷诺数对车-桥系统的气动性能影响有限;列车位于迎风侧线路时气动影响显著;随风偏角的增大,高速列车的侧力系数、升力系数、侧倾力矩系数存在减小的趋势。测试所得的高速列车气动参数可用于进一步开展风-车-桥耦合振动分析。     

高速受电弓安装形式对列车气动性能的影响

受电弓作为高速列车上不可或缺的部件,其结构特性直接影响高速列车整车气动性能。采用数值仿真方法,基于三维稳态SST k-ω模型,分析高速受电弓不同安装形式对高速列车气动性能的影响以及各节车辆气动阻力的变化规律,并进一步研究其横风环境适应性。研究结果表明：当高速列车在明线运行时,高速受电弓不同安装形式对整车气动性能影响较小,但受电弓所在车辆的气动阻力变化较大;与闭口-升前弓工况相比,受电弓开口-升前弓时整车气动阻力减小2.10%,其中第6节车气动阻力减小6.06%;在横风条件下,受电弓开口-升前弓时整车横风稳定性能较优,与开口-升后弓工况相比,整车横向力与倾覆力矩分别降低2.52%和3.48%,其中第6节车横向力和倾覆力矩分别减少11.13%与18.50%。因此,在明线有无横风条件下,受电弓安装形式为开口-升前弓的气动性能均最优,且升前弓能改善受电弓后区域的流场结构,从而达到改善整车气动性能的目的。     

前掠翼模型低速气动力实验与仿真

基于一种高速前掠翼布局翼身组合体缩比模型,开展低速风洞纵向气动力实验研究,包括与相应后掠翼对比实验和细长边条前掠翼实验,实验攻角-4°～+36°,特征雷诺数4×10₅。结果表明：低速实验条件下,前掠翼升阻力特性与相应后掠翼基本相同,但前掠翼表现出良好大迎角气动性能发展趋势。翼根前加装面积仅为机翼面积5.2%的大后掠细长边条后,前掠翼升力特性明显改善,33°迎角时最大升力系数比基本前掠翼提高约40%。依据模型风洞实验实际条件,采用雷诺时均方程和FLUENT软件,进行前掠翼模型流场气动力数值仿真,仿真计算模型构建合理,能够支持分析风洞实验数据。     

基于混合遗传算法的高速列车截面变化率优化设计

基于遗传算法和单纯形法构造出了一种混合优化算法,对不同编码方式的算法进行了对比分析。发现混合算法的寻优能力明显优于遗传算法的寻优能力;实数编码的混合算法能够更好的保持种群多样性,在存在多个局部最优解的情况下,比二进制编码的混合算法的寻优能力强。利用构造的基于实数编码的混合算法,结合Hicks-Henne型函数参数化方法和Kriging代理模型,对高速列车的截面变化率进行了减小气动阻力的优化设计,得到了在设计空间内的最优截面变化率;优化后,三辆编组列车的气动阻力减小9.41%,其中,压差阻力减小38.02%,摩擦阻力基本不变,头车气动阻力减小12.55%,尾车气动减小13.98%。     

减载式声屏障对高速列车气动阻力影响分析

针对采用声屏障时,高速列车运行过程中表面气动阻力较大的问题,提出利用减载式声屏障降低列车运行过程中受到的气动阻力.采用数值模拟方法,对采用不同孔隙率声屏障时高速列车运行过程中表面的气动阻力及其影响因素进行研究.利用Gambit软件建立了声屏障与高速列车相对运动计算模型;在声屏障孔隙率不同时,采用Fluent软件对350 km/h速度行驶的高速列车表面压强分布和气动阻力进行了数值模拟与分析研究.研究结果表明:与普通声屏障相比,随着减载式声屏障孔隙率的增加,列车头车高压区和尾车低压区的面积减小,列车行驶的压差阻力降低,而摩擦阻力变化不大;减载式声屏障具有一定的节能效果,并且随着减载式声屏障孔隙率的增大,节能效果更加明显.     

具有流线型头部的高速磁浮列车气动性能数值模拟

以世界上首条商业运行的上海高速磁浮列车TR08为研究对象,基于粘性流体力学理论,按三维可压缩粘性流对具有流线型头部形状的TR08列车以及根据一定规律设计出的4种新头型列车周围流场进行了数值模拟.通过对这5种不同头型列车的模拟结果进行对比分析,得出了流线型头部外形对气动性能影响的规律:随着流线型头部长度增加(其他条件相同),列车气动阻力和升力降低;在头部流线型长度相当的情况下,纵剖面轮廓线上凸的头车气动阻力比下凹的小,而尾车气动阻力大;中间车阻力变化不大,尾车升力大于头车;就整车升力而言,纵剖面轮廓线上凸的气动升力大于下凹的.     

风障对桥上高速列车气动特性影响的风洞试验

为考虑侧风作用下风障对桥上高速列车气动特性的影响,以高速列车与双线简支箱梁桥为原型,自主研制了缩尺比为1:20的风障-车-桥模型风洞试验模型装置。测试高速列车的头车、中车及尾车各自的气动力。分析风速、列车位于桥梁的横向位置、不同风障高度与透风率、风偏角对高速列车气动系数的影响,最后以静力轮重减载率作为风障防风效果评价指标,给出风障气动选型参数建议值。研究结果表明:雷诺数对车-桥系统的气动性能影响有限;桥梁上设置风障可明显减小列车所受气动力;列车位于迎风侧线路时运行时所受气动荷载较大;随着风障高度的增大,列车气动力系数减小;当风障增加到某一高度后列车气动系数基本不再随风障高度变化,但随着透风率增大而增大;当风偏角小于等于20°时,高度为4 m,透风率为0%风障的挡风效果较好,而当风偏角大于20°时,高度为4 m,透风率为30%风障的挡风效果较优。研究结论可为实际工程中风障气动选型提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the