石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移渗透规律

在石油勘探开发过程中 ,作为主要污染物的石油类物质可通过土壤下渗从而对地下水产生不利影响。利用土柱淋滤实验、原油渗透实验和土壤微生物降解实验等方法对石油类物质在土壤中的降解规律、土壤截留率及土壤中微生物降解效率进行了研究。结果表明 ,土壤对石油类物质虽然具有很强的截留能力 ,但是其截留能力有一定的限度。超过该限度 ,石油类物质将穿透土层直接威胁地下水的质量。掌握石油类污染物的迁移规律可以为石油勘探开发中控制污染物提供理论依据     

不同处理条件下污染土壤中石油降解率的变化

本实验利用盆栽进行实验,研究了土壤中不同浓度石油和培养天数对土壤中石油降解率的影响.研究结果表明:石油的浓度、培养时间以及微生物菌剂浓度对石油降解率影响均较大.当石油污染物的最适浓度大于5.0%而小于10.0%时,菌剂浓度4.0%,植物与微生物联合降解石油污染物时效果明显,降解率可达78.7%.当石油浓度超过10.0%时会对微生物产生毒害,有的甚至直接杀死微生物.通过本实验,我们可以为进一步研究石油污染提供理论支持.     

大庆土壤中石油类污染物迁移模拟

针对大庆油田的原油与土壤特点,通过室内土柱模拟,研究了石油类有机污染物对油田土壤环境的污染状况.实验结果表明,虽然石油类污染物是从地表逐渐向下迁移,但在模拟的6年内污染物的最大迁移深度约为25～30cm,而且大于90%的污染物主要分布于10 cm以上的土壤中,另外,石油类有机污染物在大庆市典型黑钙土中的相对迁移能力与正构烷烃的分子量及芳香烃的环数成反比.研究证实,大庆市典型土壤对石油类有机污染物具有很强的吸附截留能力,绝大部分污染物被截留在土壤表层,因此大庆油田土壤石油污染的防治重点应放在浅层土壤中.     

大庆土壤中石油类污染物迁移模拟

针对大庆油田的原油与土壤特点，通过室内土柱模拟，研究了石油类有机污染物对油田土壤环境的污染状况。实验结果表明，虽然石油类污染物是从地表逐渐向下迁移，但在模拟的6年内污染物的最大迁移深度约为25～30cm，而且大于90％的污染物主要分布于10cm以上的土壤中，另外，石油类有机污染物在大庆市典型黑钙土中的相对迁移能力与正构烷烃的分子量及芳香烃的环数成反比。研究证实，大庆市典型土壤对石油类有机？亏染物具有很强的吸附截留能力，绝大部分污染物被截留在土壤表层，因此大庆油田土壤石油污染的防治重点应放在浅层土壤中。     

强化嗜油微生物对盐碱土中石油类污染物的降解

利用从油田试验场油污土壤样品中分离出来的嗜油微生物,选择典型的石油与盐碱土制成的含油污泥作为研究对象.通过实验模拟,研究不同条件下微生物对油类污染物的降解作用特征.实验结果证明：在含水率50%及施加了氮磷比为10∶1营养物的样品中,微生物对油污的降解效果最好;通过施加适量的H₂O₂,可增强微生物的活性,进而提高微生物的降解油污能力;提供适宜条件,可以有效地加强嗜油微生物的降解能力及其对链烷烃的选择性降解.     

利用植物-根际菌协同作用修复石油污染土壤

通过盆栽试验,初步探究根际微生物和植物协同作用对石油污染土壤的生物修复效果的影响。选择根瘤菌、石油烃降解菌、根际促生菌并与豆科植物扁豆的不同组合为调控因子,通过盆栽试验,进行了土壤石油污染物生物降解的初步研究。结果表明:在修复过程中扁豆与根际微生物均能提高土壤石油降解率并存在一定的协同作用。处理前,石油土壤的污染水平为8.75%,经过56 d的修复试验,对照组的土壤石油污染降解率为27.08%;种植扁豆裸土组的土壤石油污染降解率为44.81%,比对照组提升了17.73%;添加微生物裸土组的土壤石油污染降解率最大为70.57%;种植扁豆并添加微生物组的土壤石油污染降解率为83.05%。种植植物对土壤石油污染修复有较好的作用,同时合理添加各种微生物,利用协同作用能明显提高修复的效果。     

线性等温吸附条件下有机污染物在地下饱水带中迁移的数学模型及参数分析

为研究在固-液界面的吸附降解等行为对饱水带中的有机污染物的迁移转化过程的影响,综合考虑有机污染物在饱水带中的扩散、吸附解吸、分配以及微生物降解作用,根据线性等温平衡吸附理论,建立了地下水流动方程与有机污染物在饱水带中迁移方程耦合的数学模型,探讨了模型中的分配系数及溶解项、吸附项的一阶反应速率等参数的改变对有机污染物运移规律的影响.结果表明,随着分配系数的增大,有机污染物因固相介质的吸附和截留而被限制其随地下水迁移;微生物降解作用对有机污染物的浓度有重要影响,随着反应速率的改变,污染物在固相和水相中的浓度迅速改变.本文的研究结果为定量描述溶质迁移过程提供理论依据,同时也为实验室中模型参数的测定提供可靠的依据.     

表面活性剂对石油污染物生物降解的影响

为了探讨加速石油污染土壤微生物治理过程的有效途径,采用生物泥浆法,研究了油酸钠和十二胺对石油污染土壤微生物治理效果的影响。结果表明,阴离子型表面活性剂油酸钠能明显促进石油污染物的微生物降解过程,大幅度提高微生物的除油效果。     

石油污染地表土壤的微生物降解特征

在石油的生产和储运等过程中会造成土壤被石油污染的问题,进而引起生态环境损害.本文利用热蒸发烃分析仪(GHM)对石油污染土壤进行定性定量分析,进行了油污土壤的微生物降解研究.分析结果表明:油井附近的油污土壤中存在着嗜油微生物,它们对落地石油具有较明显的降解作用;抽油生产史长的油井周围土壤中存在自然驯化出的更多嗜油微生物,其近井土壤中污油的降解速度快;随着微生物降解作用的不断进行,样品中污油的相对降解速度逐渐加快,相对降解率逐渐增加,污油样品中气态组分含量随降解时间延长而增加.实验证明,微生物对污油确实存在较强的选择性降解消耗作用,可以减轻石油生产对土壤的破坏及对环境的污染.     

复合菌剂修复石油污染土壤的影响因素研究

利用微生物降解土壤中的石油污染物,具有良好的应用前景。实验模拟研究了营养物（N、P）、电子受体（H2O2）、含水量和表面活性剂（TW80、SDS）等多因素对复合菌剂修复石油污染土壤的影响。实验针对四个影响因素,设计了正交实验,得到实验结果表明,营养物、电子受体、水和活性剂对微生物修复石油污染土壤都具有较大影响,当添加C∶N∶P为400∶6∶1、H2O2为10 mg/g、水为30%和阴离子活性剂0.6 mg/g时,复合菌剂降解土壤中石油的效率可达到73.2%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with