RH脱碳过程中极低氧钢水的碳氧反应机理

BOF+LF+RH+CC工艺路线生产IF钢,在RH脱碳前,钢水经脱氧和LF精炼后,钢中自由氧达到极低水平.根据表观脱碳速率常数的不同,这种极低氧钢水的RH脱碳可以划分为四个阶段.与传统三个阶段的RH脱碳不同的是在低速脱碳阶段和快速脱碳阶段存在一个脱碳速率介于两者之间的过渡阶段.在正规溶液模型的基础上,建立了能够准确预报钢液氧含量及顶渣FeO含量的RH脱碳模型.结果表明:在RH吹氧前,极低氧含量的钢液与顶渣之间基本不传氧;吹氧之后,钢液氧含量呈线性增加,当钢液氧势大于顶渣氧势后,钢液向顶渣传氧,渣中FeO含量上升;RH处理结束FeO含量较处理初始有所回升,但是仍处于极低水平,能够有效降低顶渣对钢液的二次氧化.     

RH精炼脱碳与夹杂物控制

为了提高RH精炼处理效率及钢水的洁净度,鞍钢股份有限公司炼钢总厂针对RH精炼装置脱碳、氧含量和夹杂物控制等相关工艺进行了研究和改进.通过控制转炉粗钢液中的碳氧含量、快速提高RH真空度、增加提升钢液的驱动气体氩气流量、吹氧强制脱碳、延长真空脱碳时间、增大插入管管径以及改善插入管形状维护等措施,保证了RH精炼的脱碳效果.通过控制钢包及浇注过程增碳,保证了成品碳稳定控制在20×10-6以下;同时优化了RH精炼升温工艺,并开发硅脱氧、镁脱氧及中间包改质工艺,显著降低了钢坯的全氧含量,降低了冷轧夹杂比率,从而确定了合理的RH冶炼超低碳钢工艺参数及RH精炼搬出后超低碳钢增碳的控制工艺.     

基于废气分析的RH脱碳模型

为连续预测RH熔池内碳含量,实现对RH脱碳终点碳含量控制,以物质C平衡为基础,通过对某钢厂250 t RH废气分析系统分析的废气流量以及废气中CO、CO2含量进行连续监控,建立了基于废气分析的RH脱碳数学模型.该模型计算表明:对于冶炼成品中碳质量分数≤30×10-6的超低碳钢,模型计算RH脱碳终点碳质量分数误差都在±5×10-6之间;在RH脱碳后期,废气中CO+CO2质量分数低于5%时,熔池内脱碳速率低于10-6 min-1,此时可判定脱碳结束.同时结合现场工艺条件分析了压降平台以及吹氧操作对RH脱碳速率的影响.     

RH冶炼超低碳钢内部脱碳机理及控制工艺

为了研究RH真空处理过程脱碳反应速率及其影响因素,并有效地控制超低碳钢在RH真空处理过程中碳含量的变化,根据热力学、动力学原理建立了RH真空处理脱碳数学模型,通过RH真空处理脱碳数学模型研究了内部脱碳反应深度和脱碳速率之间的关系.模型计算结果表明,反应深度的变化和内部脱碳的反应速率是相对应的,采取预真空操作,提升了反应深度,淡化了前期脱碳转折点的影响,加速了前期的脱碳反应,并在RH处理后期找到了内部脱碳向表面脱碳转变的时间临界点.     

兑铁水条件下UHP电弧炉脱碳数学模型

以脱碳反应动力学规律及质量平衡为基础导出了电炉兑铁水条件下熔池脱碳速度与相应工艺参数之间关系的数学模型.与某钢厂100 t UHP电弧炉实际冶炼结果对比表明,该模型可以比较准确地预测熔池含碳量的变化和控制冶炼终点碳含量.研究表明,在高碳范围内脱碳速度与供氧流量成正比;在中碳范围内,其脱碳速度与熔池碳含量的平方根成正比;在低碳范围内脱碳速度与熔池碳含量成正比.用最小经济吹氧量曲线,即根据钢水碳含量降低相应递减吹氧量的吹氧方式,可以获得最佳的冶炼效果.     

旋转磁场作用下真空精炼装置内脱碳过程的模拟研究

为了了解旋转磁场下真空精炼装置内的脱碳反应,对RH装置内钢液流场与脱碳过程进行了耦合计算;采用修正的均相流模型计算流场,避免了先前的一些不具推广性的方法,如简化计算区域或者预先规定含气率分布等.分别对有、无旋转磁场作用时的RH系统进行了模拟计算.模拟结果表明:流场和脱碳过程与现有文献中实验结果相符合;当旋转磁场作用后,磁感应强度为0.04 T时,初期脱碳速度比无旋流作用时增加了约15%,这是由于旋流增加了系统的搅拌能,提高了脱碳反应速率.脱碳反应进行到最后阶段,不同磁感应强度下的碳含量趋于同一稳定值.     

210t RH精炼装置脱碳过程的数值模拟

RH是降低钢液碳含量、提高钢液纯净度的重要冶金反应器.准确确定RH装置内碳氧含量随时间的变化关系是控制RH脱碳行为的关键.脱碳数学模型考虑了活度和烟气化学成分的影响,并利用变步长四阶龙格库塔算法进行求解.数值结果与210 t RH工业试验结果相符.数值结果给出了容积系数、活度、二氧化碳生成量、压降模式、氩气流量等因素对钢液中碳含量的影响.在这些参数中,容积系数和压降模式是两个最重要的因素.     

京唐公司转炉双联冶炼工艺及技术指标

阐述了京唐公司转炉双联工艺及其优势,重点就转炉双联法与常规冶炼主要技术指标进行了对比分析,分析结果显示：采用转炉双联冶炼法时脱磷率为92.86%,采用常规冶炼法转炉脱磷率为88.4%,转炉双联工艺脱磷效果明显。脱磷炉终渣中平均TFe含量是8.27%,脱碳炉终渣中平均TFe含量是18.92%,常规转炉终渣中平均TFe含量是18.98%,转炉双联冶炼过程不仅铁损低,而且金属料消耗少。辅原料消耗上转炉双联法白灰和轻烧白云石的用量比传统冶炼法分别减少9.7 g/t钢、9.3 g/t钢。转炉双联法和常规冶炼法终点钢水平均碳氧积分别为0.0023和0.0024,控制水平较好。     

取向硅钢脱碳过程的数值模拟分析

通过对硅钢钢带表面的脱碳反应动力学和碳在钢带内部扩散机理的研究,建立取向硅钢脱碳过程的数学模型,模拟分析脱碳气氛、退火温度、钢带的初始碳含量和厚度等因素对脱碳过程的影响,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,所建模型是可靠的;气氛中的水氢比过高会引起钢带表面过氧化而阻碍脱碳;钢带初始碳含量只在脱碳初期对脱碳过程有所影响;钢带中心部位的碳向外表面的扩散是影响脱碳过程的重要环节;提高退火温度并适当降低露点有利于加快取向硅钢钢带脱碳过程的进行。     

采用烟气分析法对转炉吹炼过程临界碳含量的研究

采用烟气分析方法连续获得转炉炉内脱碳反应信息,通过倒推计算法研究了转炉吹炼过程中钢水脱碳速度转折点的临界碳含量.结果表明:熔池搅拌能对反应后期脱碳速度转变的临界碳含量影响比较大,随着底吹供气强度增加,搅拌强度增强,临界碳含量[C]d降低,当熔池搅拌能大于一定值时熔池搅拌能变化对临界碳含量[C]d影响不大.对于顶吹转炉,供氧强度对临界碳含量[C]d影响很大,随着供氧强度提高,临界碳含量[C]d显著降低.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.