Molecular mapping of QTLs for root response to phosphorus deficiency at seedling stage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in the soil is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and crop productivity throughout the world. Development of cultivars with improved P-deficiency tolerance is an efficient strategy for sustainable agriculture. Plant roots play an important role in crop growth and development, especially in nutrient uptake and improvement of P-efficiency. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root traits and their response to low P stress at seedling stage will facilitate the development of P-efficient wheat cultivars. In this study, 30 QTLs (LOD>2.0) were mapped for the three root traits, such as root length, root number and root dry matter under different P supply conditions and their response to P-stress. These QTLs were distributed on 14 chromosomes, with each of the 5 QTLs explaining more than 10% phenotype variance. Analyses showed that root traits and their response to P-deficiency were controlled by different QTLs. In addition, alleles with positive effects were separated on both parents, and wheat cultivars with improved P-efficiency could be developed by accumulating these positive effect alleles together.     

Comparative mapping of rice root traits in seedlings grown in nutrient or non-nutrient solution

The component and amount of nutrient in the growth medium are the major factors affecting root growth.For the systematic dissection of root gene expression,evaluation of nutrient and non-nutrient solutions was conducted for their effect on root traits and quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping.Three rice root parameters,maximum root length(MRL),root dry weight(RDW),and root/ shoot ratio of dry weight(RSR),were characterized within a double haploid(DH)population from a cross of ZYQ8(indica)and JX17(japonica).The value of the three root traits in two parents all decreased under the nutrient condition compared to those under the nonnutrient condition,of which RSR decreased up to 2.6-fold on average.In the DH population,more than 70 % lines in MRL,94 % lines in RDW,and all the lines in RSR were scored lower.In total,eight QTLs were identified in nutrient system(5 from JX17 alleles and 3 from ZYQ8 alleles)while five QTLs were detected in non-nutrient system(4 from JX17 alleles and 1 from ZYQ8 alleles).Of them,one QTL for RSR was shared by both culturing systems,seven QTLs were specific in nutrient system and the other four QTLs were specific in non-nutrient system.All 13 QTLs were distributed over 7 rice chromosomes-2,3,4,5,6,9 and 10,respectively.     

Change of water use efficiency and its relation with root system growth in wheat evolution

Raising crop water use efficiency (WUE) is the physiological basis to implement crop high efficiently using water. The present soil column and field experiments are designed to investigate the change of wheat WUE (Triticum aestivum L.) at whole plant level and root system growth in evolution and the relationship between WUE and its root system growth using 10 wheat evolution genotypes with different ploidy chromosomes sets. Results show that in wheat evolution from 2n→6n, WUE at whole plant level increases with the increase of ploidy chromosomes, and root system growth (root weight, root length) and root/shoot ratio of wheat decrease with the increase of ploidy chromosomes under dry and irrigated conditions. WUE is negatively correlated with root weight and root/shoot ratio of wheat in evolution, significantly. Root system growth has an adverse redundancy for WUE in wheat evolution, and the root redundancy reduces with the increase of ploidy chromosomes, which result in the increase of wheat WUE at whole plant level.     

缺磷对长豇豆幼苗ZRs含量的影响

为了研究耐缺磷程度不同的3种长豇豆幼苗在缺磷胁迫下ZRs含量的变化,选用耐缺磷程度不同的长豇豆品种：芦花白、香港青和二芦白的幼苗作为材料,设供磷和缺磷2个处理,取供试幼苗的根系、最嫩完全展开叶、老茎叶、嫩茎叶作样品,采用ELISA方法进行测定。结果表明,缺磷胁迫下长豇豆幼苗各部位ZRs含量都下降,根系和老茎叶ZRs含量降幅二芦白＞芦花白＞香港青;最嫩完全展开叶降幅为：芦花白＞香港青＞二芦白;嫩茎叶降幅为：芦花白＞二芦白＞香港青。指出缺磷胁迫下长豇豆幼苗生长受抑制可能与ZRs含量有关,其中二芦白老茎叶和根系衰老较严重,生长受抑制也较严重。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

小麦品质性状的QTL定位研究进展

本文系统地总结了国内外小麦品质性状QTL定位研究的主要性状、所用群体、标记类型、QTL定位所在的染色体位置及贡献率的大小,提出了小麦品质性状QTL定位中存在的问题,展望了小麦品质性状QTL定位的发展方向。     

石河子地区播期对春小麦主要品质性状的影响

于2005年采用3个不同基因型春小麦品种新春6号、新春13号和中作8131，研究了播期对春小麦主要品质性状的影响，结果表明播期对春小麦主要品质性状有一定的影响，其中湿面筋含量、粗蛋白含量、沉淀值以及SIG值随播期推迟呈现递增趋势，而膨胀势随播期推迟呈现下降趋势．播期对某些品质性状的影响因基因型不同而存在差异，这与其适宜播期不同有关。在该试验条件下，试验结果分析说明适期晚播可能会有利于湿面筋含量、粗蛋白含量及沉淀值的提高，但是会降低膨胀势，不利于淀粉品质的提高。     

水稻芒长及其分布特征相关QTL的定位

水稻芒的性状与驯化过程密切相关,具体表现为芒长短和芒的分布等．利用一个无芒品种越光（轮回亲本）和一个有芒品种Kasalath杂交产生的回交重组自交系群体,在上海、海南两地对芒长和芒的分布（芒出现比例）进行了相关分析及其相关基因（QTL）定位,结果发现这两个性状间存在显著的正相关．共检测到影响这两个性状的12个QTL,分布在6条染色体上的7个区域,贡献率介于2．90％-53．24％,其正效应大多来自有芒亲本Kasalath,但也有3个QTL正效应来自无芒亲本越光,并对这个现象产生的原因进行了讨论．本研究检测到的QTL及其两侧的分子标记可以用于水稻驯化的研究和理想型无芒品种分子辅助育种．     

利用人工合成六倍体小麦突破小麦产量瓶颈的机会与潜力

 以人工合成小麦Syn CD780及其衍生品种川麦42与优良栽培品种杂交构建的2个重组近交系群体为材料,进行多环境（年份×地点）田间试验和产量性状QTL分析,探讨利用人工合成小麦资源突破小麦产量瓶颈的机会与潜力。结果表明：① 所考察性状均呈连续性变异和双向超亲分离。S12群体（Syn CD780×川育12）高产株系平均单产670 t/hm2,比川育12提高64%,增产缘于千粒质量的显著提高（100%）;S16群体（川麦42×川农16）高产株系平均单产79 t/hm2,比川农16增产181%,增产缘于粒数/m2和千粒质量的共同提高。② 基于S16群体实验数据,共检测到LOD＞30的产量性状QTLs 55个。其中,产量QTLs 7个,贡献率75%~273%,均来自CM42;产量构成因素QTLs 48个,贡献率78%~328%。利用人工合成小麦或其衍生品种突破四川盆地小麦产量瓶颈的潜力较大。      

新疆春小麦品种演替规律的调查与分析

50年代至今新疆春小麦品种经历了多次更替。对不同时期的54个品种所采用的育种方法和品种的形态、产量、品质性状以及抗逆性、抗病性的演变趋势进行了调查分析，结果表明：随着品种的更替，育种方法已由引种发育到新的育种方法；在形态性状中，株高明显变矮，株型由楹散型紧凑型发展；在产量性状中，产量明显提高，穗粒数及千粒重有所提高；在品质性状上逐渐向强筋粉方向发展。     

QTL mapping of the root traits and their correlation analysis with drought resistance using DH lines from paddy and upland rice cross

A Double Haploid (DH) population, 116 plants, derived from the cross between Japonica upland rice IRAT109 and paddy rice Yuefu, planted in PVC pipe under upland ecosystem in 2001 and 2002, was used in this study. Seven root traits, including basal root thickness (BRT), total root number (RN), maximum root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), ratio of root fresh weight to shoot fresh weight (RFW/SFW) and ratio of root dry weight to shoot dry weight (RDW/SDW), were studied. Using index of drought resistance (IDR), the ratio of yield under upland ecosystem to yield under lowland ecosystem of DH lines, as the criteria of drought resistance, and correla-tion analysis between root traits and IDR, showed that BRT, MRL and RN were significantly correlated with IDR. High IDR lines had thicker BRT, longer MRL and less RN than low IDR lines. A molecular linkage map with 94 RFLP markers and 71 SSR markers covering 1535.1 cM was pro-duced. QTLs and G譋 interactions for BRT, RN, MRL, RFW, RDW, RFW/SFW and RDW/SDW were obtained based on the constructed molecular linkage map and soft-ware QTLmapper version 1.0. A total of 18 additive QTLs and 18 pairs of epistatic QTLs associated with root traits were detected. There were nine additive QTLs and two pairs of epistatic QTLs performed significant interactions with environment. Some QTLs with high general contribution and no G譋 interaction were obtained. Two pairs of epistatic QTLs mrl3 and mrl8, brt3 and brt11a controlling MRL and BRT had high general contributions of 21.51% and 13.03% respectively. An additive QTL and a pair of epistatic QTLs controlling RFW and RDW had high general contributions of 13.50% and 25.64% respectively. Marker assisted selec-tion (MAS) for rice drought resistance based on QTL with high general contribution, low G譋 interaction and tightly linkage with IDR were also discussed.     

当前小麦研究的国际热点

 综述了当前国际上小麦研究的几个热点,包括小麦产量潜力的研究、优异种质资源的利用、气候变化与小麦生产、小麦抗非生物胁迫、小麦微量营养和小麦综合管理。分析表明,未来产量的提高应主要依靠生物产量的增长,在此基础上尽可能维持或增加收获指数;小麦种质资源丰富,含大量优异基因,可用于提高植株抗性和改善品质;全球变暖会威胁粮食安全,需提高小麦生产对气候变化的适应能力;提高小麦耐逆机能,除重视利用一般的生理机制外,需要更加突出地重视利用贮藏物质运转、持绿性、非叶光合机能、根系构型等重要性状;提高籽粒微量营养素含量可通过施肥、常规育种和转基因技术实现;实施小麦综合管理可克服小麦生产中的多个限制因子,通过发挥技术和要素的互作协同效应,实现小麦高产高效。     

Analysis of rice blast resistance genes by QTL mapping

Resistance to rice blast pathogen mostly shows a quantitative trait controlled by several minor genes. Its complexity and the mutable characteristic of rice blast isolates both hinder the development of the blast resistance research. The article here tried to explore the resistance gene distribution on rice chromosomes and the way of function. Totally 124 QTLs have been identified against 20 isolates using Cartographer software with a ZYQ8/JX17 DH population, which separately are at 100 loci of 72 marker intervals on 12 rice chromosomes. Of them, 16 QTLs were determined by the isolate HB-97-36-1. 82 QTLs (66.13%) are from the resistant parent alleles, ZYQ8, while 42 QTLs (33.87%) are from the susceptible parent alleles, JX17. In comparison of their positions on chromosome, most QTLs are clustered together and distributed nearby the major genes especially the regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12. Each QTL could account for the resistance variation between 3~2%-68.64%. And, a positional QTL might display the resistance to several different isolates with different contributions.     

杨树不同根序细根形态对酚酸的响应

【目的】细根生长与森林生产力的关系十分密切,而酚酸在根际的累积可能影响杨树根系形态建成及生物量分配进而影响生产力。笔者通过模拟杨树人工林根际酚酸环境,探究杨树幼苗根系形态建成对酚酸的响应,深入揭示根-土界面性质改变对林木根系生长的影响,为探明人工林根际过程和林分生产力之间的关系提供参考。【方法】以改良Hoagland 营养液为基础,参照连作二代杨树人工林土壤酚酸含量配制溶液并进行杨树幼苗培养。采集杨树幼苗根系,按50%的比例选取细根 (根径D < 2 mm) 样本并按根序进行分级,制作1~5级根序细根石蜡横剖面切片。采用根系扫描仪结合分析软件获得各根序细根的长度、直径,利用光学显微镜观察各根序细根的剖面直径、维管束(中柱)直径等参数,并计算比根长、根组织密度、维根比等。采用Origin Pro 8.0进行数据的差异显著性检验并作图,分析细根形态特征和剖面结构参数的相关性。 【结果】酚酸处理显著减少了杨树幼苗根系生物量。1~5级根序细根的生物量在对照和酚酸处理间无显著差异,但其所占生物量比例显著增加。酚酸处理总体抑制了杨树幼苗细根的伸长生长,1~3级根序细根的长度显著低于对照。酚酸处理具有增大杨树根系直径的效应,但1~5级根序细根的表面积在酚酸处理下均较对照显著下降。酚酸处理显著影响了杨树幼苗各根序细根的比根长和根组织密度,使比根长显著下降而根组织密度显著增大。此外,酚酸显著影响了杨树幼苗根系的生长发育,酚酸处理下1~5级根序细根的维根比显著增大,根系内输导组织分化显著。【结论】酚酸对杨树细根生长发育具有一定抑制作用,酚酸处理下不同根序细根形态的变化体现了根系功能的改变,这将影响根系吸收进而对杨树地上部分的生长产生抑制。不同根序细根形态建成的差异性也在一定程度上反映出酚酸影响下杨树根系的生长策略。     

Dynamic analysis of QTL for plant height at different developmental stages in maize （Zea mays L.）

Plantheightisoneofimportantagronomictraitsinmaizebreeding.Inthepastfewyears,toincreasetheplantingdensityandpreventplantsfromlodging,studiesonthegeneticmechanismofplantheightweregivengreatattentionto.Sincethe1990s,molecularmarkershaveprovidedapowerfultooltostudythetraitofplantheightatthemolecularlevel[1—3].Butmostofresearchforplantheightonlyfocusedondataatmaturestage.Tillnow,about70genesorQTLshavebeenlocated[4].Moreover,somegeneshavebeenevencloned[5—7].Duringthevege-tativegrowthperiod,plant…     

Dissecting anxiety-related QTLs in mice by univariate and multivariate mapping

To detect genes underlying anxiety-related traits in mice,we performed univariate and multivariate QTL mapping analyses of phenotypes obtained from 71 mice of the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains (n=528 mice) and their parental strains (C57BL/6J and DBA/2J).Separate and joint mapping analyses were carried out using a linkage map composed of 506 simple sequence repeats (SSRs).The main QTL effects,interactions between pairs of QTLs (epistasis),and their environmental interactions were estimated.The results showed that anxiety-related traits were influenced by multiple QTLs (five main effect QTLs and three epistatic QTLs).Ten potential anxiety-related candidate genes within the QTL intervals on chromosomes 5,13 and 15 were identified.Some of these genes have been reported previously to be associated with the anxiety response.Based on our results,it is suggested that the multivariate QTL mapping approach improves the statistical power for detecting QTL and the precision of parameter estimation.Moreover,multivariate mapping can also detect pleiotropic QTL effects.     

Comparative mapping of QTLs for Al tolerance in rice and identification of positional Al-induced genes

Aluminum (A1) toxicity is the major factor limiting crop productivity in acid soils. In this study, a recombinant inbreed line (RIL) population derived from a cross between an A1 sensitive lowland indica rice variety IR1552 and an A1 tolerant upland japonica rice variety Azucena, was used for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for A1 tolerance. Three QTLs for relative root length (RRL) were detected on chromosome 1,9, 12, respectively, and 1 QTL for root length under A1 stress is identical on chromosome 1 after one week and two weeks stress. Comparison of QTLs on chromosome 1 from different studies indicated an identical interval between C86 and RZ801 with gene(s) for A1 tolerance. This interval provides an important start point for isolating genes responsible for A1 tolerance and understanding the genetic nature of Al tolerance in rice. Four A1 induced ESTs located in this interval were screened by reverse Northern analysis and confirmed by Northern analysis. They would be candidate genes for the QTL.     

影响小麦加工品质数量性状位点的研究

以M5和M16为亲本构建的重组自交系为材料,对影响小麦加工品质性状的数量性状位点（QTL）进行了研究．检测了群体中籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、拉伸面积等品质性状,它们在群体中呈近似正态的连续分布,为多基因控制的数量性状．利用43个SSR标记和42个AFLP标记构建了相关染色体的分子连锁图．在1A、5D、6D染色体上分别检测到与籽粒硬度相关的QTL各1个,其中位于染色体5D上的Xgwn190对表型变异的贡献率最大,达62．5％,为主效基因;在1B和6A染色体上分别检测到与蛋白质含量相关的QTL各1个,它们对表型变异的贡献率分别为13．2％和15．6％;在染色体1B和3B上分别检测到与SDS沉降值相关的QTL各1个,贡献率最大（10．2％）的一个QTL位于3B染色体上靠近E37M61—286的区域;在1A、3B、5D染色体上分别检测到与拉伸面积相关的QTL各1个,其中5D染色体上的Xgwn190对表型的贡献率最大,为11．5％．     

马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状对磷添加和接种菌根菌的响应及关联

【目的】 开展马尾松容器苗添加不同水平磷(P)及接种菌根菌互作试验,明确添加不同水平P与接种菌根菌的互作效应。【方法】 采用裂区试验设计,主区为菌根菌处理,分为接种与不接种2个处理,接种处理为播种时在播种穴下方置入由蛭石与松乳菇菌丝体悬浮液制作成的固体菌剂0.3 g;副区为添加P处理,设置以P为主的水溶肥添加梯度共7个水平,样地P添加量介于50~600 g/m³。于7—10月分15次等时间间隔将不同梯度水溶肥溶于水后均匀喷洒在苗木上,分析苗木生长性状和氮(N)、P吸收利用与添加P量及菌根菌的关系。【结果】 接种菌根菌后,1年生马尾松容器苗平均苗高、地径、总生物量和根系直径等生长指标比不接种分别增加了9.87%、3.35%、41.50%和12.41%,N、P吸收量和利用指数等养分指标分别增加了5.05%、25.03%、100.36%和70.53%;高径比、总根长、N和P含量分别降低了5.98%、22.47%、24.97%和11.26%,除苗高和N吸收量外各生长和养分性状指标接种前后存在显著差异。随P添加量增加,接种前后马尾松容器苗地径、整株P吸收量均呈增加趋势,高径比呈下降趋势,整株N和P含量呈先增加后降低趋势。不同添加P水平马尾松容器苗地径、总生物量、根系直径、整株P吸收量、N和P利用指数均为接种大于不接种;而高径比、总根长和整株P含量均为不接种大于接种。接种菌根菌和添加P对马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状无显著的互作效应。接种后马尾松容器苗生长性状对整株N含量的变化更敏感,对N、P吸收量和利用指数的响应进一步增强。【结论】 接种菌根菌(松乳菇菌)可与马尾松容器苗建立较好的协同共生关系,不仅促进了马尾松容器苗的生长,而且提高了N、P养分利用效率。接种后苗木的高径比降低,N、P利用指数增加,能以较低的养分浓度进行正常的生长和代谢,有助于培育优质马尾松苗木和节约育苗成本。     

林业废弃物山核桃果皮黄酮对作物苗期营养吸收的影响

以盆栽小麦、玉米、大豆和绿豆幼苗为材料,研究了6个浓度山核桃黄酮提取液（0.1～2.0 mg·L ^－1）处理对四种作物幼苗新生根系的电导率、根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性、营养元素吸收、生物量的影响．结果显示：0.1～0.5 mg·L ^－1黄酮提取液对四种作物的苗期营养生长具有良好的促进效应,小麦和绿豆的根系活力分别为0.29、0.35ug ．dg ^－1．h^－1,比对照提高40％～24％,大豆和玉米的硝酸还原酶活性分别是49.9、53.1mg ．L ^－1,比对照增加54％～24％,处理对四种作物的影响达极显著或显著水平（ P＜0.01,P＜0.05）;适宜浓度的黄酮提取液能显著增加幼苗的鲜重与干重;促进根系对N、K、Ca、M g、Fe、M n、Cu和Zn的吸收,但对四种作物促进效应的浓度各有差异．研究表明：适宜浓度的山核桃黄酮提取液具有促进四种作物苗期生长、改善幼苗新生根系对矿质营养吸收的作用．