Use of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography and 3D image analysis to quantify mineral dissemination and pore space in oxide copper ore particles

Mineral dissemination and pore space distribution in ore particles are important features that influence heap leaching performance. To quantify the mineral dissemination and pore space distribution of an ore particle, a cylindrical copper oxide ore sample (φ4.6 mm×5.6 mm) was scanned using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT), a nondestructive imaging technology, at a spatial resolution of 4.85 μm. Combined with three-dimensional (3D) image analysis techniques, the main mineral phases and pore space were segmented and the volume fraction of each phase was calculated. In addition, the mass fraction of each mineral phase was estimated and the result was validated with that obtained using traditional techniques. Furthermore, the pore phase features, including the pore size distribution, pore surface area, pore fractal dimension, pore centerline, and the pore connectivity, were investigated quantitatively. The pore space analysis results indicate that the pore size distribution closely fits a log-normal distribution and that the pore space morphology is complicated, with a large surface area and low connectivity. This study demonstrates that the combination of HRXCT and 3D image analysis is an effective tool for acquiring 3D mineralogical and pore structural data.     

工艺参数对低铝钛GH600合金显微组织及析出相的影响

利用Gleeble3800热模拟实验机,对低铝钛GH600合金进行热压缩实验;利用金相显微镜研究工艺参数对显微组织演变规律的影响;利用透射电镜及能谱观察分析析出相、位错等微观结构。结果表明:提高变形量可以得到细晶组织,改善合金的使用性能,并且在大变形量下,动态再结晶容易进行,软化效果得到提高,在一定程度上改善合金的加工性能。当变形温度升高时,再结晶比例得到很大的提高,合金动态再结晶体积分数增大,位错密度降低,使加工容易进行。但当变形温度过高时,再结晶组织会出现粗化现象。低铝钛GH600合金的优选热加工工艺参数为:温度1 100~1 150℃,变形量60%。在这种工艺条件下,合金中的再结晶程度最高,再结晶晶粒没有出现粗化现象,并且析出相的成分、尺寸也为理想状态。     

一种新型镍基合金相的析出规律

采用物相分析和透射电镜(TEM)方法研究了GH4199合金中不同温度长期时效处理条件下相的析出规律·结果表明,合金经长期时效处理后γ′相在700～800℃时析出比较充分,800℃以上开始回溶,γ′相在高温长期时效过程中的长大规律符合Ostwald理论,同时合金中有TCP相的析出·GH4199合金电子空位数为2 31到2 35,比镍基合金中μ相析出的临界电子空位数2 30略大,故当合金在高温下具有足够的热暴露时μ相会析出;合金的电子空位数虽不高于σ相析出的临界值,但由于γ′相的大量析出,造成合金基体中的Cr,Mo等形成σ相元素局部相对含量剧增,有可能导致σ相析出·     

静电场时效处理温度对GH4169合金点缺陷的影响

将静电场时效处理应用于GH4169镍基高温合金,以研究静电场对合金内部点缺陷的影响.结果表明:500℃无电场时效处理所提供的能量不足以使一些处在正常点阵位置上的原子跳出能垒而形成新的单空位,但可促进大量处于畸变位置上和邻近空位的原子实现再次的跃迁.强静电场的施加使合金内部不带电原子产生梯度力,加速了原子的振动.在600,700和800℃时效20 h过程中施加8 kV/cm强静电场,其平均正电子湮没寿命提高6%~7%,增大了合金内部平均空位尺寸.     

Effects of Ru on the microstructure and phase stability of a single crystal superalloy

Two experimental single crystal superalloys, the Ru-free alloy and the Ru-containing alloy with[001] orientation, were cast in a directionally solidified furnace, while other alloying element contents were kept unchanged. The effects of Ru on the microstructure and phase stability of the single crystal superalloy were investigated. γ' directional coarsening and rafting were observed in the Ru-free alloy and Ru-containing alloy after long-term aging at 1070℃ for 800 h. Needle-shaped σ topologically close packed (TCP) phases precipitated and grew along the fixed direction in both the alloys. The precipitating rate and volume fraction of TCP phases decreased significantly by adding Ru. The compositions of γ and γ' phases measured using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the addition of Ru lessened the partition ratio of TCP forming elements, Re, W and Mo, and decreased the saturation degrees of these elements in γ phase, which can enable the Ru-containing alloy to be more resistant to the formation of TCP phases. It is indicated that the addition of Ru to the Ni-based single crystal superalloy with high content of the refractory alloying element can enhance phase stability.     

残余应力与拘束对GH4169合金疲劳及蠕变-疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响研究

为深入理解残余应力与拘束在疲劳载荷下的交互作用,以镍基高温合金GH4169为研究对象,选用紧凑拉伸(CT)试样,对不同拘束CT试样的上方施加不同大小的预加载荷从而在裂尖产生不同应力。将该应力作为残余应力,系统研究残余应力和拘束交互作用下GH4169合金的疲劳和蠕变–疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果表明：随着裂尖残余压应力的增加,不同拘束下GH4169合金的疲劳和蠕变–疲劳裂纹扩展速率均降低。与低拘束试样相比,高拘束试样的疲劳和蠕变–疲劳裂纹扩展速率对残余应力的变化更加敏感,这主要与裂尖Mises应力和垂直于裂纹扩展方向的正应力有关。与疲劳裂纹扩展速率相比,蠕变-疲劳裂纹扩展速率对残余应力的变化更加敏感。     

Formation mechanism of interfacial microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti2AlNb/Ni-based superalloy joints brazed with NiCrFeSiB filler metal

Dissimilar brazing of Ti₂AlNb-based alloy and Ni-based wrought superalloy (GH536) was studied using NiCrFeSiB filler metal. The Ti₂AlNb/GH536 joints were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation mechanism of interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti₂AlNb/GH536 joints were studied. The results indicated that Ti₂Ni(Al,Nb), AlNi₂Ti and TiB₂ reaction layers were formed in the joint adjacent to Ti₂AlNb base metal. These layers resulted in high micro-hardness and the weak link of the joint. γ solid solution was formed through isothermal solidification and β₁-Ni₃Si phase precipitated in the γ solid solution during cooling process. Ni₃B, β₁-Ni₃Si and CrB phases appeared in the centre of the joint. Blocky and needle-like borides formed within the diffusion affected zone of GH536 base alloy. The maximum tensile strength of Ti₂AlNb/GH536 joints reached 425 ?MPa ?at room temperature and the strength value of 373 ?MPa was maintained at 923 ?K.     

Ni-Cr-W-Mo合金异型件热旋成形的质量分析

 基于ABAQUS软件的Explicit/Standard模块建立了Ni-Cr-W-Mo合金异型件热旋成形的多道次热力耦合三维有限元模型,研究了Ni-Cr-W-Mo合金异型件热旋成形过程中的应力应变场的分布以及成形规律和常见缺陷。结果表明,考虑到缺陷的形成以及成形道次尽可能减少等因素,旋压间隙应大于3.7mm;此外,工件在靠近中心轴的部分贴模性非常好,但越靠近工件口部,不贴模的趋势越明显。     

基于X射线数字成像技术的高压输电导线内部缺陷检测实验研究

提出了一种高压输电导线内部缺陷X射线可视化检测方法,详细介绍了CV—1型X射线数字成像系统的组成和工作原理,验证了X射线数字成像系统对500 k V输电导线透照能力,确定了照射参数和透照方法;根据输电导线内部缺陷特征和缺陷所在部位,在实验室条件下分别模拟检测了导线钢芯断股、钢芯表面划伤、夹杂、散股以及压接深度不足等内部缺陷并与无缺陷输电导线进行了对比,得出了导线内部缺陷的X射线数字图像的特征,实验结果证明了X射线数字成像技术对输电导线内部缺陷检测的有效性和可行性,为高压输电导线内部缺陷检测提供了新方法和参考依据。     

超声振动辅助车削高温合金和铝镁合金研究

针对GH4169镍基高温合金和5A06铝镁合金切削加工困难,以及已加工表面质量和加工精度要求高等难题,从切削原理及加工工艺入手,采用超声振动方法设计超声振动车削加工系统.利用该加工系统对GH4169和5A06两种合金材料做超声振动车削与普通车削的对比试验.结果表明:超声振动辅助车削高温合金和铝镁合金中工艺参数对已加工工件的表面粗糙度、表面形貌和切屑形态影响明显,合理选择各工艺参数能够有效地改善加工质量,使得超声振动车削的加工效果明显好于普通车削.     

Ni7Zr2非晶合金制备及其磁性能研究

采用行星式高能球磨机,通过在室温下球磨纯元素混合粉末制备出Ni7Zr2非晶合金粉末.应用X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对不同球磨时间的混合粉末进行了研究.结果发现球磨时间对混合粉末的结构及颗粒形貌均存在显著影响.随着球磨时间的增加,Ni、Zr颗粒发生严重塑性变形,并且通过冷焊团聚起来,形成具有层状结构的复合颗粒.由于磨球的剧烈撞击,使得结构发生了严重的畸变,从而破坏了原有的有序结构而形成了无序结构.另外,在进一步球磨过程中,合金的晶粒不断减小,形成高体积分数的晶界,而金属粉末不断地发生塑性变形,形成了点缺陷、位错等高密度缺陷,晶格发生严重的畸变,晶体自由能也相应不断上升,最后产生了非晶转变.磁性能测量表明,该合金粉末具有较好的软磁性能.     

高温合金GH3039铣削力实验研究

由于高温合金材料GH3039的切削加工性差,选取背吃刀量、铣削速度、每齿进给量等参数,研究其对高温合金数控铣削力的影响。利用线性回归方法建立了铣削力经验公式,并通过铣削实验得到了切削参数与铣削力的变化曲线。实证表明切削参数的选择在GH3039加工过程中的重要性。     

GH4169合金管材正挤压工艺优化的数值模拟

结合GH4169在不同温度、应变速率下的真应力-应变曲线,应用Msc.Superform有限元软件对GH4169合金管材正挤压进行了数值模拟,系统分析讨论不同挤压参数对挤压过程的影响.结果表明:GH4169合金管材可以通过热正挤压成形,当挤压速度为100 mm.s-1和300 mm.s-1,模角为20～30°,坯料预热温度为1040～1 050℃时,以及在良好的润滑条件下可以获得优化可控的挤压工艺.     

GH132合金盘材缺口对疲劳及蠕变/疲劳交互作用下的力学性能的影响

GH_(132)合金虽不具有持久缺口敏感性,但仍存在着低周疲劳的缺口敏感。蠕变/疲劳交互作用的断裂寿命曲线,无论是光滑还是缺口都具有一个最大值的“鼻子曲线”。在“鼻子”的上部合金存在缺口敏感性,而在“鼻子”的下部和“鼻子”区域,缺口试样寿命高于光滑试样寿命。本文提出涡轮盘材料的发展应在提高强度的同时,不断改善塑性,以达到“强韧化”的效果。     

新型定向凝固高温合金750℃抗热腐蚀性能

研究了涂有75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl盐膜的新型定向凝固镍基高温合金在750℃的热腐蚀行为,采用X射线衍射仪和带能谱的扫描电镜分析腐蚀产物相组成以及微观结构.结果表明:该合金在开始阶段腐蚀速率较大,随着腐蚀时间的延长以及合金腐蚀层厚度的增加,腐蚀速率降低.腐蚀层可分为3个区域:外层是以TiO2和Cr2O3为主相对疏松的氧化层,中间层具有保护性的是富Cr层,内层是以Al,Ti为主的氧化物以及点状分布的硫化物.合金的热腐蚀主要由氧化-硫化共存伴随着表面腐蚀物挥发形成,在此过程中腐蚀持续向合金基体推进,使得腐蚀层不断增厚.     

Defects Recognition of 3D Braided Composite Based on Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Packet Transform

Textile-reinforced composites,due to their excellent highstrength-to-low-mass ratio, provide promising alternatives to conventional structural materials in many high-tech sectors. 3D braided composites are a kind of advanced composites reinforced with 3D braided fabrics; the complex nature of 3D braided composites makes the evaluation of the quality of the product very difficult. In this investigation,a defect recognition platform for 3D braided composites evaluation was constructed based on dual-tree complex wavelet packet transform( DT-CWPT) and backpropagation( BP) neural networks. The defects in 3D braided composite materials were probed and detected by an ultrasonic sensing system. DT-CWPT method was used to analyze the ultrasonic scanning pulse signals,and the feature vectors of these signals were extracted into the BP neural networks as samples. The type of defects was identified and recognized with the characteristic ultrasonic wave spectra. The position of defects for the test samples can be determined at the same time. This method would have great potential to evaluate the quality of 3D braided composites.     

直升机关键金属TB6钛合金的划伤、冲击缺陷容限性能

本文对钛合金TB6材料的划伤和冲击两种典型缺陷容限性能进行了研究。设计了无缺陷、预制划伤和预制冲击缺陷的板状试样并开展了成组法和升降法疲劳试验。试验结果表明两种缺陷均会导致钛合金的疲劳性能下降,且下降程度随着缺陷深度的增加而增大。断口观察表明疲劳源在两种缺陷情况中均倾向于在缺陷底部萌生,但由于冲击缺陷底部在预制时会产生一定塑性区,其疲劳断口形貌与划伤缺陷呈现明显不同的特征。与采用升降法试验测得的疲劳极限相比,采用成组法数据进行S-N曲线拟合推导得到疲劳极限在两种缺陷情况中均偏安全。最后在此基础上运用二次表达式和指数表达式拟合了疲劳缺口系数Kf与理论应力集中系数Kt之间的关系,通过分析发现二次表达式仅对划伤缺陷具有较好的精度,指数关系表达式对两种缺陷均有较好的精度。通过本研究工作,得到了TB6钛合金的划伤、冲击缺陷容限性能,并得到了一种适用于Kf-Kt关系描述的指数表达式。     

3D打印金属材料研究进展

3D打印技术是快速原型制造技术的一种,也被称为增材制造技术,被誉为"第三次工业革命"的核心技术,其中金属3D打印被认为是将来制造业的主导方向.金属粉末材料是金属打印的物质基础,同时也是3D打印技术发展的突破点.综述了3D打印金属粉体材料的研究现状,重点介绍了钛合金、铝合金、不锈钢、高温合金和镁合金等5种金属粉体材料在3D打印技术中的应用,并对金属粉体材料的运用进行总结和展望.     

纳米多孔铜带的制备及表征

以Cu15Al85合金薄带为前驱体,采用去合金化法,制备孔结构单一、均匀且三维贯通的纳米多孔铜（NPC）,研究不同去合金腐蚀液和退火处理条件对样品微观形貌的影响。经场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、X-射线衍射（XRD）和能谱仪（EDS）对 NPC 检测,结果表明：与在 w（HCl）=5%的酸性腐蚀液中自由腐蚀去合金化得到的 NPC 相比,经 w（NaOH）=5% 的碱性腐蚀形成的 NPC 的多孔结构更加完整,孔径由150 nm 减小到100 nm,孔壁由40 nm 减小到10 nm;对前躯体合金薄带进行退火处理后,去合金化形成的 NPC 多孔形貌更加完整均一,孔径尺寸由 150 nm 减小到 100 nm。     

Investigation of the stress rupture behavior of GTD-111 superalloy melted by VIM/VAR

The effects of vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) processes on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of Ni-based GTD-111 superalloy were investigated. Samples of GTD-111 master alloy were melted in VIM and VAR furnaces and then poured into a preheated ceramic mold for VIM melt or into a water-cooled copper mold for VAR melt. The as-cast samples were examined radiographically to ensure that no casting defects were present in the final castings; the samples were then heat-treated using a standard heat-treatment cycle. The microstructure of the samples was investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for microanalysis. On the basis of standard ASTM-E139, stress rupture tests were carried out at 1000℃ under a stress of 300 MPa. The results showed that a γ matrix, fine γ' precipitates, a γ-γ' eutectic structure, carbide particles, and some harmful phases such as σ and η phases were present in the as-cast samples. The γ' precipitates with cubic morphology appeared in the matrix after the standard heat-treatment process. The extent of segregation and the amount of γ-γ' eutectic structure formed in the VAR-prepared sample were less than in the VIM-prepared sample. The results of stress rupture tests showed that the rupture time for the VAR sample was 43% longer than that for the VIM sample.