Supramolecular self-assembly of nickel (Ⅱ)-substituted α-Keggin-type polyoxometalate and polyaniline coated Fe2O3 hollow nanospindle for microwave absorption application

A general strategy has been developed here to supramolecular self-assembly of nickel (Ⅱ)-substituted α-Keggin-type polyoxometalate and polyaniline coated Fe₂O₃ hollow nanospindle (Fe₂O₃ hollow nanospindle@PANI/α-SiW₁₁Ni composites) via electrostatic attraction and hydrothermal method. Fe³⁺ was first hydrolyzed and polymerized into Fe₂O₃, then dissolved into [Fe(H₂PO₄)_x]^3?x, resulting in hollow structure. The polyoxometalate existed in polyaniline as a proton-doped counter-ion form, rather than as a separate crystalline state. The protons and anions entered the PANI main chain and combined with N atoms of amines and imines on the PANI chain ((-NH^?+ ?= ?)/α-[SiW₁₁Ni(H₂O)O₃₉]^6-) to form poles and bipolar delocalization into π bonds of the whole polyaniline molecular chain, which leaded to conductance and polarization. The Fe₂O₃ hollow nanospindle@PANI/α-SiW₁₁Ni composites were proven to be excellent microwave absorber in terms of reflection loss (R_L) and bandwidth. The maximum R_L value was up to ?53.6 ?dB at 3.5 ?mm and 6.9 ?GHz. The broadest absorption bandwidth exceeding ?10 dB was 6.3 ?GHz at a thickness of only 1.9 ?mm. Moreover, the ternary composites presented obvious multi-band absorption with the matching thickness range of 1.5–5 ?mm. The absorption peaks bandwidth reached as wide as 14.3 ?GHz, which included all C-Ku bands. The hollow and core-shell structures could provide non-uniform interface for the induced polarization loss and space for the reflecting and scattering of microwave. The carrier, pair-ion carrier and hydrogen bond network could lead to conduction loss. The magnetic losses were caused by eddy current effect and natural resonance. This work can lay a theoretical foundation for the design and performance regulation of new absorbing materials.     

ZIF-8衍生的ZnO与RGO复合材料的制备及其电磁波吸收性能

以ZIF-8与氧化石墨烯(GO)为前驱体,采用溶剂热法和碳化法得到ZnO/RGO复合材料.用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜测试手段,对制备的ZnO/RGO复合材料的结构与物相进行表征,用矢量网络分析仪测量复合材料的电磁参数(复介电常数和复磁导率),通过反射损耗(RL)公式得到不同厚度样品的RL值.结果表明:煅烧温度为700℃的样品在2~18GHz具有良好的吸波性能;吸波层厚度为4mm、频率为17.2GHz时,RL小于等于-10dB的频率宽为1.0GHz(16.8~17.8GHz),此时的RL达到最小值-22.9dB.     

Enhanced microwave absorption properties of rod-shaped Fe2O3/Fe3O4/ MWCNTs composites

A novel type of composite absorber,i.e.Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/MWCNTs composites(0%,1.7%and 5%MWCNTs),with microwave absorption properties was successfully fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method.The preparedα-Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4nanoparticles displayed rod-shaped morphology.The complex permittivity and permeability of the Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/MWCNTs composites distinctly increased,furthermore,with the introduction of MWCNTs,the Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/MWCNTs composites exhibited fine microwave absorption performance with strong absorption and wide absorption band.In particular,for Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/1.7%MWCNTs composite with an absorber thickness of 2.5 mm,the reflection loss(RL)reached a minimum of-44.1 d B at 10.4 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth(RL-10 d B)covered 3.3 GHz.The enhanced microwave absorption performance of the Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/MWCNTs composites was attributed to the high dielectric loss and improved impedance matching which was closely related to the rod-shaped morphology of Fe_2O_3,Fe_3O_4and the introduction of MWCNTs.     

尖锥八面体Fe3O4的水热合成及微波吸收性能

采用水热法,在碱性条件下,以PEG-6000与水的混合溶液为反应介质,以硫代硫酸钠氧化前驱体氢氧化亚铁制备Fe3O4晶粉.采用X线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对产物结构和形貌进行表征.用微波矢量网络分析仪测试了样品在2～18 GHz微波频率范围内的复介电常数和复磁导率,计算微波反射系数,探讨材料的微波损耗机制.研究结果表明:在水热反应一定时间后,得到单分散的尖晶石型Fe3O4晶粒,颗粒呈规则的尖锥八面体形貌且表面平整;对反应为12h、厚度为2.8 mm的样品,7.1 GHz频率位置的反射系数峰值为-35 dB,小于-10dB吸收带宽为7.9 GHz;低频段(2～13 GHz)的微波吸收主要源于磁损耗兼具介电损耗,高频段(13～18GHz)的微波吸收主要源于介电损耗且磁损耗弱.尖锥微八面体Fe3O4是一种低反射率宽带微波吸收材料.     

Synthesis of CuS nanoparticles decorated Ti_3C_2T_x MXene with enhanced microwave absorption performance

MXene,a novel two-dimensional (2D) multi-layer material,has drawn unusual interest as the microwave absorbers for electromagnetic energy attenuation.Synthetic MXene-based heterostructure composites via optimizing structure is an effective strategy to endow MXene materials with high-performance microwave absorption.This study reports the fabrication and investigation of the microwave absorption performance of a sandwich-like CuS/Ti_3C_2T_xMXene composites prepared by loading CuS nanoparticles onto 2D Ti_3C_2T_xvia a solvothermal method.The morphology and electromagnetic absorption properties of this composite were investigated and the results demonstrated that the CuS/Ti_3C_2T_xcomposite with a heterolayered architecture displayed superior microwave absorption ability.With a 35 wt%filler loading in the paraffin matrix,the minimum reflection loss value reached-45.3 dB at a frequency of 7.3 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth achieved a value as high as 5.2 GHz with a thickness of 2.0 mm.The enhanced microwave absorption performances can be ascribed to the cooperation of the conductive network,interface polarization,dipole polarization,multiple reflection and scattering.Therefore,the synthesized CuS/Ti_3C_2T_xMXene composites offer an efficient foundation for the design and utilization of other lightweight microwave absorbers.     

Microwave absorption properties of SiC@SiO2@Fe3O4 hybrids in the 2-18 GHz range

To enhance the microwave absorption performance of silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNWs), SiO₂ nanoshells with a thickness of approximately 2 nm and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were grown on the surface of SiCNWs to form SiC@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrids. The microwave absorption performance of the SiC@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrids with different thicknesses was investigated in the frequency range from 2 to 18 GHz using a free-space antenna-based system. The results indicate that SiC@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrids exhibit improved microwave absorption. In particular, in the case of an SiC@SiO₂ to iron(Ⅲ) acetylacetonate mass ratio of 1:3, the microwave absorption with an absorber of 2-mm thickness exhibited a minimum reflection loss of -39.58 dB at 12.24 GHz. With respect to the enhanced microwave absorption mechanism, the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated on SiC@SiO₂ nanowires are proposed to balance the permeability and permittivity of the materials, contributing to the microwave attenuation.     

Tailoring impedance match and enhancing microwave absorption of Fe3O4/ Bi24Fe2O39/Bi hollow porous microrods by controlling their composition

A self-assembly/precipitate conversion/decomposition process was developed for the controllable synthesis of Fe_3O_4/Bi_(24)Fe_2O_(39)/Bi hollow porous microrods(HPMRs).The results demonstrated that the crystal size,component,and performances of HPMRs could be effectively modulated via changing Fe~(2+)/Bi~(3+)molar ratio(γ).Fe_3O_4/Bi_(24)Fe_2O_(39)/Bi HPMRs exhibited ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.As Bi and Bi_(24)Fe_2O_(39)contents increased withγ,the saturation magnetization M_sand attenuation constantly decreased,whereas coercivity H_cand impedance matching ratio increased.Compounding Fe_3O_4with small quantities of Bi and Bi_(24)Fe_2O_(39)into HPMRs can significantly enhance microwave absorption.Fe_3O_4/Bi_(24)Fe_2O_(39)/Bi HPMRs formed atγ=1:0.25 exhibited the optimum microwave absorption performance.The minimum R_Lwas-47.3 dB at8.72 GHz,corresponding to 2.4 mm sample thickness.The absorption band with the reflection loss below-20 dB was up to 14.0 GHz for the absorber with a thickness of 1.4-8.0 mm.The results demonstrate that the introduction of electromagnetic transparent materials(Bi_(24)Fe_2O_(39)or Bi)can improve the microwave absorption performances of Fe_3O_4 composites owing to enhanced impedance matching rather than attenuation constant.     

Studies on the effects of pre-firing and sintering temperature on NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) technology, with fuel flexibility, is one of the most promising power generation technology. However, the high operating temperature of SOFCs has hindered their commercial applications. As a crucial requirement to enhance its performance, SOFCs electrolytes should operate at a low temperature. Carbonate/ceria composites are developed as electrolytes for low operating temperature SOFCs, and a better understanding of the mechanism of its ionic conductivity serves this purpose. In this work, ceria-carbonate composite electrolyte, Na₂CO₃/samarium doped ceria (NSDC) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized electrolytes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The XRD and SEM results showed that the sintered NSDC nanocomposite comprised a single-phase dense electrolyte structure. The crystallite size of the NSDC nanocomposite was greatly affected by the different pre-firing temperatures and different sintering temperatures. Also, the ionic conductivity of the prepared NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes was strongly dependent on the pre-firing and sintering temperatures. The NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes were pre-fired at 950 ?°C and 650 ?°C and sintered at 1200 ?°C and 900 ?°C respectively, had ionic conductivity in H₂ and air high as 0.36 ?S/cm and 0.3 ?S/cm.     

Synthesis and characterization of red-emitting Yb/Ho-CaSiO3 upconversion phosphors

Host material plays an important role in obtaining efficient photon upconversion and downshifting luminescence. Generally, fluoride and oxyfluoride glasses-based materials are used for high-efficiency photon upconversion. However, the poor thermal stability of fluoride glasses and the toxicity of fluorine ions limit their applications. In this report, Yb/Ho-doped CaSiO₃ wollastonite phosphors have been demonstrated as efficient red-emitting upconversion phosphors. The phosphors have been synthesized by microwave hydrothermal process followed by heat treatment at 1050 ?°C in the air environment. 2M phase of the β-wollastonite has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy while the existence of the Yb and Ho dopants in the CaSiO₃ lattice has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized samples showed strong red upconversion emission centered at 662 ?nm and near-infrared downshifting emissions at 2016 ?nm upon 980 ?nm excitation. The emissions were found to depend significantly on the Ho concentration. Temporal evolution of the main emission bands was investigated to show that the energy transfer upconversion from Yb to Ho ions was responsible for the efficient upconversion and downshifting phenomenon.     

PANI包覆单一铁氧体的结构和吸波性能

采用原位复合法制备了聚苯胺包覆铁氧体的复合颗粒,并利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅立叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)等分析手段观测了复合颗粒的形貌、结构和性能.采用矢量网络分析仪在0.5~20 GHz频段内测试了材料的吸波性能.实验结果表明,具有核/壳结构的导电聚苯胺复合材料具有较好的吸波性能.当掺入质量分数为15%的Li0.45Zn0.1Fe2.45O4时,复合颗粒吸波性能最好,其-8 dB带宽达5 GHz,最大损耗为26.1 dB,且面密度最小为0.28 g.cm-2.     

不同晶粒度的La0.67Sr0.33MnO3的吸波性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法合成了不同晶粒度的La0.67Sr0.33MnO3样本,研究了不同晶粒度材料的结构、磁性和微波吸收性质之间的关联.实验结果表明,可以通过改变烧结温度实现La0.67Sr0.33MnO3样品晶粒大小的控制;在一定的纳米尺度范围内,随着晶粒度的不断增大,吸波峰值逐渐向高频方向移动;晶粒度为58.5nm的样品在...     

Preparation and radar-absorbing properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/Yb<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> composite powder

Al₂O₃/TiO₂/Fe₂O₃/Yb₂O₃ composite powder was synthesized via the sol-gel method. The structure, morphology, and radar-absorption properties of the composite powder were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and RF impedance analysis. The results show that two types of particles exist in the composite powder. One is irregular flakes (100-200 nm) and the other is spherical Al₂O₃ particles (smaller than 80 nm). Electromagnetic wave attenuation is mostly achieved by dielectric loss. The maximum value of the dissipation factor reaches 0.76 (at 15.68 GHz) in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. The electromagnetic absorption of waves covers 2-18 GHz with the matching thicknesses of 1.5-4.5 mm. The absorption peak shifts to the lower-frequency area with increasing matching thickness. The effective absorption band covers the frequency range of 2.16-9.76 GHz, and the maximum absorption peak reaches -20.18 dB with a matching thickness of 3.5 mm at a frequency of 3.52 GHz.     

Microwave absorbing properties of polyaniline/montmorillonite doped with dodecylbenzensulfonic acid nanocomposite

In this paper, we reported a new type of high performance microwave-absorbing material, polyaniline/montmorillonite doped with dodecylbenzensulfonic acid (PAni-DBSA/MMT) nanocomposite. The microwave-absorbing properties of this nanocomposite were investigated for the frist time. The nanocomposites were synthesized from emulsion polymerization using dodecylbenzensulfonic acid (DBSA) as dopant and emulsifier. The structure of the nanocomposite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and FT-IR, and its results denoted that PAni-DBSA/MMT is a typical intercalative polymer/layered silicate(PLS) nanocomposite, and the interaction between MMT layers and PAni chains enhances the delocalization of free electrons in PAni chains. The complex permittivity, permeability and reflection loss (R.L.) of microwave of a 2.00 mm thick samples containing 50% by weight of PAni-DBSA/MMT nanocomposite and PANI?DBSA were measured, respectively, in 2?18 GHz range. The results showed that the PANI-DBSA/MMT nanocomposite is capable of absorbing 2.0?18 GHz microwaves, and the reflection loss was less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 9.1?12.5 GHz, while the minimum reflection loss was -15.8 dB at 11 GHz. The microwave absorbing mechanism of nanocomposite is disscused.     

Structure and effect of diamagnetism on manganese lithium phosphate glass to cathode materials application

1-x(Li₂O–2P₂O₅)-xMnO₂ glasses where x ?= ?0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ?mol%, respectively, were synthesized by melted-quenching method. The Mn and P oxidation states and local structures around Mn and P-ions including Mn–O and P–O bonding distances and coordination numbers have been studied via X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), respectively. XANES results exhibit a coexistence of oxidation state of Mn²⁺ and Mn³⁺ with a mean value of 2.82. Moreover, Mn and P K-edge EXAFS show the Mn–O and P–O bonding distances of approximately 2.083–2.094 ?Å and 1.766–1.774 ?Å, respectively. A paramagnetism was found for all Mn–P glasses. Additionally, the coercive field (H_c) and remnant magnetization (M_r) increased with increasing Mn contents. However, the low specific capacitances are seriously obtained (<40 ?F ?g^?1) suggesting the effect of natural diamagnetism of lithium phosphate based-glass unlike the borate based-glasses which originally exhibit paramagnetism.     

Microwave absorption properties of SiC@SiO2@Fe3O4 hybrids in the 2–18 GHz range

To enhance the microwave absorption performance of silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNWs), SiO2 nanoshells with a thickness of approximately 2 nm and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were grown on the surface of SiCNWs to form SiC@SiO2@Fe3O4 hybrids. The microwave absorption performance of the SiC@SiO2@Fe3O4 hybrids with different thicknesses was investigated in the frequency range from 2 to 18 GHz using a free-space antenna-based system. The results indicate that SiC@SiO2@Fe3O4 hybrids exhibit improved microwave absorption. In particular, in the case of an SiC@SiO2 to iron(III) acetylacetonate mass ratio of 1:3,themicrowave absorption with an absorber of 2-mm thickness exhibited a minimum reflection loss of?39.58 dB at 12.24 GHz. With respect to the enhanced microwave absorption mechanism, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated on SiC@SiO2 nanowires are proposed to balance the permeability and permittivity of the materials, contributing to the microwave attenuation.     

Effect of spark plasma sintering and reinforcements on the formation of ultra-fine and nanograins in AA2024-TiB2-Y hybrid composites

This study reports the influence of sintering mechanism and reinforcement materials on the formation of ultra-fine and nanograins in Al-TiB₂-Y nanohybrid composites. The mechanical properties of the composites and their corresponding micro and nanostructures are correlated. The experimental and characterization results revealed that despite the addition of TiB₂, the hard and brittle Al₃Ti phase formation in the composites was suppressed and hence, their ductility was retained. It was found that yttrium content of 0.3 ?wt% was the optimum amount which created advantageous spark plasma sintering conditions, and the addition of 0.3 ?wt% promoted the formation of bi-modal size grains (ultra-fine and nano) along with micro grains, Ω and other nano precipitates, resulting in a significant enhancement in the composite properties. The formation of ultra-fine and nanograins may be attributed to the combined effect of melting and rapid solidification at necking zones due to Joule's heating and thermo-mechanical fatigue. Among all the sintered composites, the highest hardness (137 HV), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (496 ?MPa), yield strength (YS) (438 ?MPa) with 15.7% elongation were obtained in the sintered sample reinforced with 1.0 ?wt% TiB₂ and 0.3 ?wt% yttrium.     

短切碳纤维-铁氧体填充的复合材料吸波性能

使用溶胶凝胶法制备了一种M型掺杂六角铁氧体，研究了该铁氧体、短切碳纤维以及玻璃纤维制成的单层和双层复合材料的微波吸收性能．结果表明：铁氧体和短切碳纤维混合填充的复合材料反射率在-10．0dB以下的有效带宽为3．5GHz；而以玻璃纤维复合材料作为面层的双层结构吸波材料在9．8～18．0GHz范围，有效带宽达到8．2GHz．     

Skin collagen fiber-based radar absorbing materials

By using skin collagen fiber (CF) as raw material,Schiff base structure containing CF (Sa-CF) was synthesized through CF-salicylaldehyde reaction.Then a novel radar absorbing material (Fe-Sa-CF) was prepared by chelating reaction between Sa-CF and Fe 3+.The coaxial transmission and reflection method was used to analyze the complex permittivity and complex magnetic permeability of these CF-based materials,and the radar cross section (RCS) method was used to investigate their radar absorbing properties in the frequency range of 1.0-18.0 GHz.Experimental results indicated that the conductivity of CF increased from initial 1.08×10-11 to 2.86×10-6 S/cm after being transferred into Fe-Sa-CF,and its dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) in the frequency range of 1.0-17.0 GHz also increased.These facts suggest that the Fe-Sa-CF is electric-loss type radar absorbing material.In the frequency range of 3.0-18.0 GHz,Sa-CF (1.0 mm in thickness) exhibited somewhat radar absorbing property with maximum radar reflection loss (RL) of-4.73 dB.As for Fe-Sa-CF,the absorbing bandwidth was broadened,and the absorbing intensity significantly increased in the frequency range of 1.0-18.0 GHz where a maximum radar RL of-9.23 dB was observed.In addition,the radar absorbing intensity of Fe-Sa-CF can be further improved by increasing membrane thickness.When the thickness reached to 2.0 mm,the RL values of Fe-Sa-CF were-15.0-18.0 dB in the frequency range of 7.0-18.0 GHz.Consequently,a kind of novel radar absorbing material can be prepared by chemical modification of collagen fiber,which is characterized by thin thickness,low density,broad absorption bandwidth and high absorption intensity.     

Preparation of In<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript> and Cu-Doped In<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript> 2D Ultrathin Nanoflakes with Tunable Absorption and Intense Photocurrent Response

We reported an effective method to synthesize In₂S₃ and Cu-doped In₂S₃ two-dimensional ultrathin nanoflakes by the hydrothermal method through tuning the Cu/In molar ratio. The transmission electron microscope images showed that the products had ultrathin flake-like shape with wrinkling and rolling. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated the crystal phase of nanoflakes was varied from β-In₂S₃ to tetragonal-CuInS₂ as the Cu/In molar ratio was increased. The In₂S₃ nanoflakes exhibited absorption band at 450 nm, while new absorption peaks in turn appeared at 550 nm and 670 nm as the Cu/In molar ratio was increased. In addition, the two-dimensional ultrathin nanoflakes exhibited intense photocurrent response.     

涂料型微波吸收材料计算机辅助设计

涂料型微波吸收材料计算机辅助设计可以计算各种材料(不同的ε′、ε″、μ′和μ″)在不同的涂层厚度和工作频率下的微波吸收性能。如果定义能允许的最大反射系数为反射系数阈值,则可设计出某一频率范围内或某一中心频率附近反射系数小于该阈值的最大工作宽带以及与之相应的材料参数,如果已知工作带宽,则可设计出在此带宽内最小的反射系数阈值和相应的材料参数。例如,在涂层厚度d≤2mm,μ′≤2,μ″≤2,ε′任意可变,ε″≤0.5ε′的条件下、可设计出:在7—13GHz范围内,反射系数小于-20 db的最大工作带宽是4.1GHz;中心频率为10GHz,反射系数小于-20 db的最大带宽为3.3GHz;在8—10 GHz工作带宽内,最小反射系数阈值为-22db。通过辅助设计还可以了解涂层厚度和材料参数变化时,材料参数随频率变化时,以及斜入射时对微波吸收材料性能的影响。