条链状硫化锰夹杂物对钢轨钢疲劳磨损抗力的弱化

钢轨钢中常含有数量较多的条链状硫化锰夹杂物.试验表明,随热处理工艺不同,夹杂物对钢轨钢的疲劳磨损性能有不同的影响.硫化物的热膨胀系数远大于钢基体,如果钢轨进行淬火、回火处理,因淬火激冷中硫化物的收缩量比基体大,造成夹杂物与基体间的界面开裂.使钢显著弱化,疲劳磨损抗力大大降低;若钢奥氏体化加热后进行缓慢冷却,不但不发生界面开裂,而且还能得到较理想的细珠光体组织,使钢的疲劳磨损抗力不因较多硫化锰夹杂物的存在而明显降低.     

硫对轴承钢性能的影响——断裂韧度K_(IC)和接触疲劳性能

冶炼了五炉不同硫含量(在0.009—0.092wt.％范围内)的GCr15轴承钢,系统地研究了轴承钢中硫的作用及对接触疲劳性能和断裂韧度K_(IC)的影响规律。结果表明:随硫含量提高,钢基体中固溶的硫含量不变;硫含量为0.045wt.％的轴承钢接触疲劳性能最好;硫对轴承钢断裂韧度影响不显著。最后对硫的作用机理进行了探讨。同时,对现行标准中硫及硫化物控制提出了建议。     

Ce—Ca、Ce—Mg微合金化钢大线能量焊接热影响粗晶区组织与力学性能研究

研究Ce-Ca、Ce-Mg微合金化低合金钢大线能量焊接热影响粗晶区(CGHAZ)的力学性能、组织结构及夹杂物成分与形态.结果表明,Ce-Ca微合金化钢CGHAZ的力学性能优于Ce-Mg微合金化钢CGHAZ的力学性能; Ce-Ca微合金化钢CGHAZ中Ce、Ca的氧硫复合化合物夹杂物主要呈球状,Ce-Mg微合金化钢CGHAZ中Ce、Mg的氧硫复合化合物夹杂物主要呈扁条状;氧硫化物与奥氏体基体之间弹性模量和热膨胀系数差别大;氧硫化物近旁产生应变场是晶内针状铁素体(IAF)形成的主要控制因素.     

轴承钢中钙铝酸盐夹杂物的形成及控制

研究了轴承钢生产中各因素对钢中D类夹杂物形成的影响.对国内某特殊钢厂轴承钢中夹杂物进行了检验分析,发现钢中D类夹杂物存在多种形式;通过感应炉重熔实验,发现钢中Al含量对夹杂物的影响很大,Al过量,在MgO炉衬条件下,会大量生成MgO·Al2O3;当钢中Ca含量较高时,夹杂物全部变性为球状钙铝酸盐.研究表明,控制钢水中Ca、Mg和Al成分,是控制D类夹杂的重要手段.通过工厂试验证明,特定炉渣改性和成分优化对D类夹杂物有一定的改善作用.     

夹杂物对超高强度钢应力应变场的影响

非金属夹杂物对钢性能的影响与夹杂物的特征参数密切相关.首先分析拉伸和疲劳载荷下超高强度钢中TiN夹杂物导致裂纹萌生的扫描电镜原位观察结果,采用MSC Marc有限元分析软件对夹杂物及周围基体的应力场进行计算,然后对拉伸载荷下不同特征参数的TiN夹杂物及周围基体的应力应变场进行模拟.结果表明,有限元法能够解释并预测夹杂物及周围基体的力学行为.三角形夹杂物尖角附近的应力集中最严重.矩形夹杂物内部高应力区的位置受夹杂物与外载荷方向夹角的影响.随邻近夹杂物间距的增大,基体内的最大应力由夹杂物外侧移至夹杂物之间.近表面夹杂物使得基体自由表面附近出现高应力区,基体内最大应力的位置受夹杂物与自由表面距离和尺寸的影响.     

中碳钙硫易切削钢夹杂物形态控制

在实验室进行了1 kg坩埚实验,研究了中碳高硫结构钢钙处理前后夹杂物的形态、尺寸及组?结果表明:钢钙处理后获得了可以改善钢切削性的纺锤形夹杂物,夹杂物的平均纺锤形率为68.11%,并且随钢中[Ca]/[S]增加夹杂物纺锤形化趋势增加;钙处理后小于2.5 μm的夹杂物占夹杂物总量的76.05%,夹杂物细小、弥散分布于钢基体中;夹杂物类型以钙铝酸盐芯硫化物外壳的复合夹杂物、(Mn,Ca)S形式的硫化物为主,有少量的铝酸钙与CaS的复合夹杂物;含钙硫的45钢铸态钢锭比普通45钢铸态钢锭切削性能有所改善.     

中碳铬钨渗氮轴承钢旋转弯曲疲劳性能研究

针对轴承钢失效形式主要为疲劳破坏的问题,对中碳铬钨渗氮轴承钢进行旋转弯曲疲劳（RBF）试验及分析。分析轴承钢经调质处理（880 ℃+540 ℃）后的组织,再经RBF试验后疲劳断口和渗氮处理的作用,还分析了非金属夹杂物对轴承钢RBF的影响,构建了非金属夹杂物深度和尺寸对中碳铬钨渗氮轴承钢RBF极限强度影响的模型。实验结果表明：试验钢调质处理后,组织为回火索氏体,主要析出M₆C型和M₂₃C₆型碳化物,力学性能优良,RBF极限强度达到729 MPa;疲劳源分为表面缺陷和内部非金属夹杂物,表面缺陷主要包括非金属夹杂物脱落形成的凹坑以及机加工留下的刀痕,非金属夹杂物主要为镁铝酸盐;轴承钢在NH₃渗氮气氛中560 ℃恒温保持25 h,渗氮层厚度达360 μm以上,渗氮工艺合适。研究结果对中碳铬钨渗氮轴承钢的发展及其疲劳性能的提高有一定的参考价值。     

稀土铈在重轨钢液中行为特性的模型

以重轨钢液为研究对象,建立可以定量描述稀土铈在重轨钢液中行为特性的热力学模型,利用该热力学模型,可以预测在不同洁净度条件下重轨钢液中稀土赋存状态及夹杂物组成的变化规律.结果表明:重轨钢液中初始氧质量分数的增大,有利于稀土氧化物和稀土氧硫化物的析出;钢液中初始硫质量分数的增大,有利于稀土硫化物和稀土氧硫化物的析出;1783 K温度条件下重轨钢液中Ce2O3夹杂析出的必要条件为钢中氧硫的活度比大于等于0.19,Ce2S3夹杂析出的必要条件为钢中氧硫的活度比小于等于0.39,CeS夹杂向Ce2O2S夹杂转变的条件为钢中氧硫的活度比在0.53~0.96之间;随着洁净度的提高,重轨钢液中溶解态稀土的质量...     

热处理对高硫钢硫化物形态及性能的影响

研究淬回火热处理工艺对高硫钢的基体组织和硫化物形态的影响,分析了其力学性能和磨损性能.结果表明,热处理后高硫钢中硫化物主要为FeS,其形态趋于球化;淬火温度由880 ℃升至900 ℃,高硫钢的抗拉强度由460 MPa提高到590 MPa,伸长率由1.7%变化到3.0%,但其仍为脆性材料,这与组织中含有大量硫化物有关;由于硫化物的自润滑作用,热处理后高硫钢的耐磨性随连续磨损时间的延长而改善,并明显优于淬火后低温回火的GCr15钢.     

XCQ16和20Mn2车轴用钢疲劳失效的微观机理

利用扫描电镜(SEM)对XCQ16和20Mn2两种车轴用钢疲劳断口和裂纹扩展断口进行分析,研究疲劳失效过程中的裂纹萌生及扩展机理.结果表明:裂纹均是从试样表面萌生,非金属夹杂和位错是主要的萌生机制;XCQ16钢在疲劳断口中部区的裂纹闭合效应大于20Mn2钢,裂纹扩展较慢;两者在裂纹扩展区的扩展机理不同,XCQ16钢属于塑性断裂,20Mn2钢属于解理断裂;在非金属夹杂上,XCQ16钢多含氧化物和硫化物的混合夹杂,20Mn2钢主要是氧化物夹杂,混合夹杂对材料的疲劳性能影响较小.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

Effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue regime

This work aims to investigate the effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. The size and type of inclusions in the steel were quantitatively analyzed, and VHCF tests were performed. Some fatigue cracks were found to be initiated in the gaps between inclusions (Al₂O₃, MgO-Al₂O₃) and the matrix, while other cracks originated from the interior of inclusions (TiN, MnS). To explain the related mechanism, the tessellated stresses between inclusions and the matrix were calculated and compared with the yield stress of the matrix. Results revealed that the inclusions could be classified into two types under VHCF; of these two, only one type could be regarded as holes. Findings in this research provide a better understanding of how inclusions affect the high cycle fatigue properties of bearing steel.     

高温对活性粉末混凝土抗压强度和热膨胀性能的影响

研究了不同钢纤维掺量的活性粉末混凝土(RPC)高温后的抗压强度和20~800℃温度段内的线膨胀系数,借助TGDSC测试手段对RPC热膨胀性能变化规律进行机理分析。结果表明:随温度升高,RPC抗压强度呈下降趋势,在200℃内下降缓慢;200℃以上下降较快;钢纤维掺量越高,剩余抗压强度越高;线膨胀系数总体呈现先升高后下降的趋势,钢纤维掺量为1%时较素RPC大,钢纤维掺量大于等于2%时较素RPC小。     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions.Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly.The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions,which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix,when the Young’s modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix,the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion;otherwise,the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix.If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix,their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions.The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration.The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions. Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly. The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions, which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix, when the Young's modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix, the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion; otherwise, the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix. If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix, their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions. The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration. The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

板式橡胶支座滑动摩擦性能试验及其力学模型

针对汶川地震中小跨度梁桥出现的板式橡胶支座滑动的典型震害,对板式支座与钢板间的滑动摩擦性能进行了试验研究,分析了竖向正压力和滑动速率对支座滑动摩擦性能的影响规律,试验结果表明,在发生明显滑动之前,支座以水平剪切变形为主,伴随少量的相对滑动,其名义剪切模量在700~1 100kPa之间;板式支座与钢板间的滑动摩擦系数与支座的竖向压应力呈负相关,与滑动速率呈正相关.最后建立了考虑板式支座与钢板间滑动摩擦性能的精细化力学模型,以考虑多种因素对支座滑动效应的影响.     

初始剪切变形对铅芯橡胶支座性能影响分析

为了研究初始剪切变形对铅芯橡胶支座力学性能与大剪切变形时内部应力的影响规律,首先基于厂家提供的支座规格参数得到铅芯橡胶支座有限元模型,验证试验数据与有限元计算结果模型的正确性;然后分析支座尺寸、形状系数、竖向压力等不同参数,对有初始剪切变形的铅芯橡胶支座100%水平性能、内部钢板橡胶最大应力比的影响,并进行大剪应变下支座内部应力分析。结果表明：与无初始剪切变形相比,铅芯橡胶支座的100%水平刚度随着压应力、初始剪切变形、支座形状系数的变化最大为5%,影响程度较小;有初始剪切变形对橡胶隔震支座100%剪应变条件下的橡胶和钢板应力有一定的影响,但基本未达到橡胶材料的拉伸强度和钢板的屈服强度,支座处于安全状态;有初始剪切变形对橡胶隔震支座250%以上剪应变条件下的橡胶和钢板应力有很大的影响,不同剪应变条件下的橡胶或钢板应力均可能达到拉伸强度或钢板的屈服强度,支座有极大的损伤风险;通过分析,建议支座实际剪应变为400%、350%、300%、250%、200%及100%时,其初始变形分别不能超过0、20%、70%、120%、170%及270%。     

含锡铁素体不锈钢的开发及性能研究

基于新型含锡铁素体不锈钢，采用冶金反应平衡对其冶炼过程进行实验室条件下的研究，对其室温力学性能、耐腐蚀性能进行了研究，同时分析Sn对铁素体不锈钢基体的微观结构的影响规律，分析脱氧夹杂物的形貌和成分演变.研究结果表明，尽管锡的熔点极低，其收得率较高，锡在硫化物周围的富集现象明显；含锡铁素体不锈钢性能优于SUS430不锈钢，具有较好的塑形和强度，可满足深冲加工性能的要求，而耐腐蚀性能明显优于SUS430铁素体不锈钢，可部分代替其在生产中的应用.     

矩阵指数函数的一种计算

将矩阵指数函数的幂级数展开式表示为一个矩阵多项式形式，给出矩阵指数函数的一个有限展开式，通过矩阵特征值及矩阵指数函数的有限展开式的各阶导数，构造出一个线性方程组，用解线性方程组的方法给出该矩阵多项式的系数计算。从而给出了用求解线性方程组的方法计算矩阵指数函数e^A及e^At。     

混凝土中钢筋锈胀过程的计算机仿真分析

基于混凝土中的钢筋锈胀损伤机理,提出一种采用温度膨胀环代替锈蚀产物的模拟方法,通过温度膨胀模拟锈蚀产物的体积膨胀作用,通过膨胀环厚度的增大模拟钢筋锈蚀的发展过程,通过变化温度膨胀环的温度膨胀系数,可以考虑不同锈蚀产物的影响,通过变化膨胀环的形状可以模拟混凝土中钢筋不均匀锈蚀,为混凝土中钢筋锈胀损伤机理的研究提供了一种有效方法,对保护层厚度、钢筋半径、钢筋位置、不同间距相邻钢筋对钢筋锈胀力的影响规律进行了计算分析,计算表明,保护层厚度和钢筋半径之比上影响混凝土中钢筋锈胀力的重要因素,且相邻钢筋锈蚀的附加影响不容忽视。