Sn及Sn合金的微观断裂行为

微电子系统中互连尺寸的微细化使构成焊点的钎料合金的力学性能成为影响电子封装与组装产品可靠性的关键因素。因此,在微米及纳米尺度深刻掌握Sn基钎料合金的断裂行为对于更好地预测焊点可靠性具有重要意义。本文针对100Sn、63Sn37Pb、96.5Sn3.5Ag三种Sn及Sn合金,在进行力学性能测试和显微组织分析的基础上,考察了Sn及Sn合金在微米尺度上的动态断裂机制,以及纳米尺度上裂纹尖端的真实物理过程,阐述了Sn基体、含铅Sn合金和无铅Sn合金三者互有关联又各有不同的微观断裂行为特征。     

耦合节理上下表面形貌参数关系

节理的表面形貌特征对节理的力学和水力学性质有重要影响.在地下岩石工程施工过程中,会有大量的人工节理产生,为了研究人工节理表面的形貌特征,采用巴西劈裂法制作耦合良好的人工节理,用 TalysurfCLI2000三维非接触式激光形貌仪扫描各节理的两表面,分别计算了各表面粗糙度的最大峰高、算术平均值、偏态系数值、峰态系数值和 JRC值,对比分析耦合节理两表面的形貌参数值,发现如下规律:1)耦合节理两表面的最大峰高、表面高度的算术平均值和高度分布的峰态系数值近似相等,不同节理的算术平均值和高度分布的峰态系数值相差较大;2)大部分耦合节理两表面高度分布的偏态系数值表现出一正一负,个别节理两表面的偏态系数值同为负;3)耦合节理两表面的峰点分布曲线变化一致,且峰点数量集中分布在节理表面中间高度范围内;4)耦合节理两表面的 JRC值近似相等     

陶瓷颗粒(纤维)增强聚合物复合电子封装与基板材料

本文论述了陶瓷颗粒(纤维)增强聚合物基复合电子封装与基板材料体系和性能特点,介绍了复合基板材料的实验研究和理论研究进展情况,根据实验研究和文献报道并结合目前在微电子封装领域广泛应用的环氧塑封材料,对复合电子封装与基板材料的发展趋势进行了分析和评述。     

Molecular basis of osteoarthritis: biomechanical aspects

The unique biomechanical properties of healthy cartilage ensure that articular cartilage is able to transmit force between the joints while maintaining almost friction-free limb movement. In osteoarthritis, the biomechanical properties are compromised, but we still do not understood whether this precedes the onset of the disease or is a result of it. This review focuses on the physical changes to cartilage with age, disease, and mechanical loading, with specific reference to the increased collagen cross-linking that occurs with age (nonenzymatic glycation), and the response of chondrocytes to physiological and pathological loads. In addition, the biomechanical properties and matrix biosynthesis of cartilage from various joint surfaces of the knee and ankle are compared to elucidate reasons why the ankle is less affected by progressive osteoarthritis than the knee.     

Dielectric tunable properties of BaTi_4O_9-doped Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)TiO_3 microwave composite ceramics

BaTi4O9-doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST) composite ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction and their structure,dielectric nonlinear characteristics and microwave dielectric properties were investigated.The secondary phase of the orthorhombic structure Ba4Ti13O30 is formed among BST composite ceramics with the increase of BaTi4O9.At the same time,a duplex or bimodal grains size distribution shows fine grains in a coarse grain matrix.The degree of frequency dispersion of dielectric permittivity below Tm is increased initially and then decreased with respect to BaTi4O9.As the BaTi4O9 content increases,the tunability of composite ceramics decreases,while the Q value increases.Interestingly,70 wt%BaTi4O9-doped BST has a tunability～4.0%(under 30 kV/cm biasing) versus a permittivity～68 and quality factor ～134.1(at～3.2 GHz) .     

纳米纤维素复合物新材料研究进展

本文介绍了一种新型的纳米复合材料,给出了绿色复合物的定义和分类,分析了纳米纤维素的特性和制备方法及其优缺点,综述了国外近年来纳米纤维素与不同生物高聚物复合的研究情况。与单纯的高聚物基体材料或者常规的微观和宏观的复合物相比,这类材料展示出了显著的性能改进,最大的特点是完全基于可再生的生物质制成,完全降解,并具相当的力学性能,是真正的绿色复合物。     

基于UDEC巷道掘进矿压显现的数值模拟

通过采用UDEC软件,依据钻孔柱状图和采掘应力影响范围建立了相应的几何模型,根据煤岩体物理力学性质建立相应的材料模型,在此基础上结合地应力数据,从而完成数值模型.通过模拟实际巷道开挖尺寸及方位,得出巷道前方的应力分布和巷道两帮位移分布,为巷道冲击地压显现防治提供了理论支持.     

Les propriétés mécaniques du caoutchouc

Summary A survey of recent work on the theories of the peculiar mechanical behaviour of substances with rubber-like properties is given. All the theories are based on the assumption that these substances (including rubber itself) are composed of very long, flexible chainmolecules. Any segment of a chain is linked to two neighbouring segments by bonds similar to those which are present in typical solids and to all other neighbours by linkages like the bonds prevailing between the particles of liquids. The chain molecules are intermingled so as to form a kind of a felt.This state of aggregation is intermediate between the solid and the liquid; it is called the rubber-like state (état gommoïdal). Elasticity, viscosity and plastic flow as well as the influence of crystallization, vulcanization and degradation are discussed in terms of this theory.     

功能树枝聚合物的应用

树枝聚合物是一类新型聚合物材料。树枝聚合物由芯、支化单元和表面组成，包含大量的空穴，具有高支化的3维结构和纳米尺寸以及独特的电、光、热、力学和流变性能。通过对树枝聚合物结构的功能化设计即在树枝聚合物的芯、支化单元和表面引入确定功能的基团，可使之具有催化、分子识别、能量和电子转移、氧化还原、吸热或放热受体等功能，具有可控制的溶液、热等性能和液晶态，并能广泛应用于电活性和电致发光器件，光化学分子器件(能量和电子转移，非线性光学)，太阳能电池，化学传感器，液晶显示，催化剂，超薄膜(层)，胶束与胶囊，生物医用和药用，分析和分离等领域。     

Engineering of arteries in vitro

This review will focus on two elements that are essential for functional arterial regeneration in vitro: the mechanical environment and the bioreactors used for tissue growth. The importance of the mechanical environment to embryological development, vascular functionality, and vascular graft regeneration will be discussed. Bioreactors generate mechanical stimuli to simulate biomechanical environment of arterial system. This system has been used to reconstruct arterial grafts with appropriate mechanical strength for implantation by controlling the chemical and mechanical environments in which the grafts are grown. Bioreactors are powerful tools to study the effect of mechanical stimuli on extracellular matrix architecture and mechanical properties of engineered vessels. Hence, biomimetic systems enable us to optimize chemo-biomechanical culture conditions to regenerate engineered vessels with physiological properties similar to those of native arteries. In addition, this article reviews various bioreactors designed especially to apply axial loading to engineered arteries. This review will also introduce and examine different approaches and techniques that have been used to engineer biologically based vascular grafts, including collagen-based grafts, fibrin-gel grafts, cell sheet engineering, biodegradable polymers, and decellularization of native vessels.     

Single-chain polymer nanoparticles

The synthesis of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled characteristics has become an appealing research topic lately. Nanomedicine, and especially drug delivery and imaging, are fields that require particles of a controlled size and with a tailored arrangement of functional groups. Intramolecular cross-linking or collapse of single polymer chains has emerged as an efficient alternative for the synthesis of well-defined polymer NPs. This technique allows the generation of 1.5–20 nm particles with a wide variety of chemical compositions and functionalities. This review begins by gathering synthetic strategies described in the literature and groups them into four main synthetic methods: homo-functional collapse, hetero-functional collapse, crosslinker-mediated collapse, and one-block collapse of diblock or triblock copolymers. Afterwards, the main characterization techniques and physical properties of single-chain polymer NPs (SCPNs) are exposed. Finally, several applications in nanomedicine are mentioned followed by some future perspectives.     

Assembly and genetics of spore protective structures

The sporulation program in Bacillus subtilis ends in the formation of a highly resistant endospore that can withstand extremes of heat, mechanical disruption, ultraviolet irradiation, lytic enzymes and chemical attack. These properties are attributed mainly to the unique structure of spore coat and cortex, as well as to the physical state of the spore cytoplasm. The outermost layer of the spore, called the coat, has two morphologically distinct sublayers: an electron-dense outer coat and an electron-translucent inner coat. The coat is composed of more than 2 dozen proteins of varying size. Many coat genes and coat proteins have been isolated and characterized in detail, and studies of these have identified proteins with important roles in coat assembly, resistance and spore germination. We describe here characteristics of the coat proteins and propose a model for coat assembly based on recent work.     

Structural diversity of communicating intercellular junctions (gap junctions) in the posterior cecal epithelium of the crustacean Orchestis]

Two types of gap junction are described, they are different in the size, the spacing and the polarity of their intramembrane particles. The dense type shows two kinds of particles which rather remain joined to the P fracture face. The loose type shows larger and more spaced out particles which rather are held by the E fracture face. These observations demonstrate that one needs to shade the distinction between P-type gap (Vertebrate) and E-type gap (Arthropoda).     

Viral capsids: Mechanical characteristics,genome packaging and delivery mechanisms

The main functions of viral capsids are to protect, transport and deliver their genome. The mechanical properties of capsids are supposed to be adapted to these tasks. Bacteriophage capsids also need to withstand the high pressures the DNA is exerting onto it as a result of the DNA packaging and its consequent confinement within the capsid. It is proposed that this pressure helps driving the genome into the host, but other mechanisms also seem to play an important role in ejection. DNA packaging and ejection strategies are obviously dependent on the mechanical properties of the capsid. This review focuses on the mechanical properties of viral capsids in general and the elucidation of the biophysical aspects of genome packaging mechanisms and genome delivery processes of double-stranded DNA bacteriophages in particular. Received 14 October 2006; received after revision 18 December 2006; accepted 27 February 2007     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

常温、常压、常态的大气环境下黏性土微观孔隙的缓慢变异特征

作为建筑材料和地基的土体处于常温、常压、常态的大气环境下,大气氧化过程是缓慢的、不易察觉的,但对土质长期劣化效果不容忽视.本文以此命题为出发点,以大气氧化过程中微观孔隙变化特征为突破口,联合扫描电镜测试、压汞法及氮吸附法研究大气环境作用对湛江黏土的微观结构改造作用及其对土性影响机理.研究表明,大气氧化后土色由青灰色、绿灰色变为淡黄棕、黄棕色,颗粒团聚程度增强,塑性降低,膨胀性与收缩性减弱,灵敏性与结构屈服强度明显降低.大气环境作用对d0.1?m孔隙组产生"缩合"效果,对d1?m孔隙组产生"胀散"效果,表现为氧化土的总孔隙体积减小,但d1?m的孔隙体积明显增大,局部出现断裂孔隙,"墨水瓶"型孔隙减少,开放性孔隙向封闭性孔隙转化.湛江黏土在大气影响下土性发生异变并不是土的矿物本性变化所引起,而是水-土-电解质-大气间的化学反应与运动导致颗粒联结形式更改进而重塑微观结构所导致,土的超微观结构形态变化是发生这一现象的根本因素.鉴于大气氧化过程导致的结构强度的减损效果对土体稳定性的影响是长期的且潜在危害较大,应加强监测环境物化因素变化对岩土工程的影响.     

IGBT 模块故障机理及其预报方法综述

以IGBT模块的内部结构和材料特性为基础,研究了焊料层疲劳、铝键接线断裂或剥离、DCB基片失效等封装级故障产生机理;分析栅氧化层击穿、电过应力、辐射失效等器件级故障的产生机理;最后,分别给出了两大类故障的预报方法。     

Réactions cytologiques à l'introduction pulmonaire expérimentale de particules de silicium métalloïdique

Summary By means of intratracheal injection, particles of metalloid silicium about five microns in size are introduced into the lungs of guinea pigs, and the secondary parenchymatous reactions are studied from 10 minutes to 105 days. In the dust cells, the silicium is progressively broken up into very small particles of less than 1 micron in size. The cells do not show degeneration or mummification as the ordinary silica cells (Mavrogordato) do.     

Kant and the nature of matter: Mechanics,chemistry, and the life sciences

Kant believed that the ultimate processes that regulate the behavior of material bodies can be characterized exclusively in terms of mechanics. In 1790, turning his attention to the life sciences, he raised a potential problem for his mechanically-based account, namely that many of the operations described in the life sciences seemed to operate teleologically. He argued that the life sciences do indeed require us to think in teleological terms, but that this is a fact about us, not about the processes themselves. Nevertheless, even were we to concede his account of the life sciences, this would not secure the credentials of mechanics as a general theory of matter. Hardly any material properties studied in the second half of the eighteenth century were, or could have been, conceived in mechanical terms. Kant's concern with teleology is tangential to the problems facing a general matter theory grounded in mechanics, for the most pressing issues have nothing to do with teleology. They derive rather from a lack of any connection between mechanical forces and material properties. This is evident in chemistry, which Kant dismisses as being unscientific on the grounds that it cannot be formulated in mechanical terms.