High energy femtosecond mid-infrared generation pumped by a two-color Ti:sapphire multipass amplifier

Intense mid-infrared was generated by direct frequency mixing two pulses from a dual-wavelength Ti：sapphire system. From a multipass amplifier we generated two tunable wavelength femtosecond pulses with a total energy of 15 mJ. Pulse energy of 1.6 μJ and 7.4 μJ of mid-infrared light is achieved with and without its multipass amplifier at 9-11μm, with pulse duration of 500 fs.     

Control of the carrier-envelope phases of a synchronously pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillator and its applications

The intrinsic synchronization, multi-color outputs and related carrier-envelope phases （CEP） among pulses bring advantages to synchronously pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillators and the pumping sources for broadband frequency comb generation and ultrashort waveform coherent syn-thesis. In this paper, we discuss our latest research results in this field, which cover the following as-pects： the phase relationship and energy conservation law in an OPO and related experimental verifi-cation; control of the pumping Ti-sapphire femtosecond laser＇s CEP by self-referencing technology, and its repetition-rate locking by piezoelectric transducer （PZT）; CEP locking of the pulses from the OPO by beating the non-phase-matched visible outputs against pump supercontinuum to obtain a driving signal for a fast PZT on the OPO end mirror; the generation of a broadband frequency comb spanning from 400 nm to 2.4 μm with 1.2 kHz bandwidth; and the realization of coherent interference between phase controlled pump pulses and signal second harmonic pulses.     

Radiation properties of high-order harmonic generation for the measurements of femto- and attosecond X-ray pulses

Radiation properties of high-order harmonic generation （HHG） are calculated for atoms in a strong laser field. The laser-duration dependence and the carrier-envelope-phase （CEP） dependence of HHG radiation properties are presented. The CEP dependence of the pure single distribution pulse of HHG radiation properties shows interesting 180° periodic structures. The quantum enhancement of the laser-assisted photo-ionization by femtosecond （1 fs=10^-15 s） and attosecond （1 as=10^-18 s） X-ray pulses and the interference patterns of photo-electron energy spectra are theoretically investigated. Transfer equations are presented for pulse reconstructions. The theoretical root-mean-square time （energy） differences of attosecond pulse reconstructions with different durations are less than 2 as （0,8 eV）. These methods may be developed as basic techniques to access ultra-fast measurements and molecular movie.     

测量飞秒光参量产生器输出光脉冲脉宽的自相关仪的设计

设计出一台只用一块非线性晶体就能够测量宽波长范围的飞秒激光脉冲脉宽的单次脉冲自相关仪,适用于测量由光参量产生获得的可调谐飞秒激光脉冲的脉宽.     

Generation of broadly tunable mid-infrared femtosecond pulses by a LiNbO3 optical parametric amplifier

Combining the configurations of collinear and small-angle noncollinear phase-matching, a mid-infrared （MIR） femtosecond optical parametric amplifier （OPA） with extended tunability is proposed and demonstrated. A tuning range from 2.0 μm to 4.7 μm is demonstrated by a two-stage LiNbO3-based femtosecond OPA, which well exceeds the typical tuning range reported so far. MIR femtosecond pulses with energy up to 30 μJ are obtained.     

Editor’s note

The past two decades have witnessed great progress in development of ultrashort laser pulse in laser science, often at an unexpected speed. It has found various applications, both theoretical and practical, in the frontiers of science.     

Characteristics of InGaN-based superluminescent diodes with one-sided oblique cavity facet

We have fabricated InGaN-based superlumi-nescent diodes （SLDs） with one-sided oblique facet. The characteristics of the SLDs and laser diodes with the same cavity length （800 μm） were compared. The typical peak wavelength and the full width at half maximum of the spectrum in superluminescence regime are 445.3 and 7.7 nm for the SLDs with 800 μm cavity length. The characteristics of the SLDs with different cavity length were also demon-strated in a comparative way. It is found that the gain of the InGaN multi-quantum wells in blue spectral range is a linear function of the current density below gain saturation region. The lasing threshold current turns out to be higher for the shorter SLD （S-SLD） （400 μm）, but the output light intensity of the longer SLD （800 μm） is higher than that of the S-SLD under the same current density. The gain saturation phe-nomenon was observed in S-SLD when it was biased at a current density larger than 27.5 kA/cm^2. The increase of junction temperature was identified as the main reason for gain saturation through spectra analysis.     

飞秒激光脉冲倍频的实验研究

利用2mmKDP晶体对中心波长790nm、脉冲宽度75fs、晶体表面强度约1011W/cm2的超短超强激光脉冲进行了倍频实验研究。通过对基频脉冲能量及频率啁啾的优化,可以获得高于40%的能量转化效率。观测了基频脉冲频率啁啾对倍频光产生的影响,发现激光脉冲啁啾为零时对应的倍频转化效率最高;对于相同的光栅相对位置,正啁啾基频脉冲的倍频转化效率高于负啁啾。     

飞秒激光与双层靶相互作用靶背质子加速实验研究

研究了飞秒激光与10μm的Cu和5μm的C8H8构成的双层薄膜靶相互作用中在靶背法线方向质子的能量分布.采用CR39固体核径迹探测器和Thomson磁谱仪相结合测量质子能谱.实验结果表明:质子沿着靶背法线方向发射;随着质子能量的增加,质子数减少;质子在一定能量处出现截断,截止能是1179 keV.     

飞秒激光在蓝宝石晶体表面加工微细结构的实验研究

由于蓝宝石晶体具有很高的硬度和耐磨蚀性,很难进行机械和化学腐蚀加工。笔者利用波长780 nm、频率1 kHz和脉冲宽度164 fs的飞秒脉冲激光在蓝宝石晶体表面进行了微细结构加工的实验研究。采用飞秒激光静态照射蓝宝石晶体表面,通过飞秒激光烧蚀孔的直径和脉冲能量的关系,计算了飞秒激光烧蚀蓝宝石晶体的两种烧蚀状态下的烧蚀阈值和有效烧蚀半径。通过直线扫描实验,在不同实验条件下在蓝宝石晶体表面加工微槽,获得微槽的宽度和深度与飞秒激光主要参数之间的关系。研究结果表明,微槽的加工表面可通过增加扫描次数而得到明显的提高,且扫描次数的增加对微槽的宽度和深度基本无影响。利用聚焦的飞秒激光束沿着轨迹扫描,在蓝宝石晶体表面加工出比较清洁的微小结构,可以为实现微结构的精密加工提供指导。     

纳米尺度激光紧聚焦光穿孔技术

论述了一种新型的细胞转导方法——纳米尺度激光紧聚焦光穿孔技术.按照光穿孔可能的物理机制,分4类讨论了现在主流的光穿孔技术:连续激光光穿孔,其中最前沿的技术是紫外二极管激光光穿孔;纳秒、皮秒激光脉冲和经放大的千赫兹飞秒激光脉冲光穿孔,其中应用范围最广的是Nd:YAG激光器;飞秒激光振荡器发出的兆赫兹脉冲序列光穿孔,该技术在多尺度、跨学科及在体研究中扮演重要角色;最新出现的利用双脉冲微射流进行光穿孔,这是光穿孔技术中仅有的一种将外源物主动引入细胞内的方法.可以预见:当激光紧聚焦技术结合了双光子荧光显微镜、微芯片实验室、膜片钳技术等各种单细胞分析技术后,必将在细胞间通信、干细胞谱系提交、癌症转移、激光基因疗法、胚胎发育学以及神经功能再生等学科领域中产生重大影响.     

飞秒脉冲激光产生及捕获微气泡的实验研究

采用高速光学摄像及高频超声成像技术对飞秒脉冲激光在介质水中发生光学诱导击穿的过程进行实验研究.结果表明,光学诱导击穿产生后,在高能激光自聚焦的焦点处产生一系列微气泡,最后只有一个微气泡可以被激光束稳定地捕获,并且这个微气泡可以在超声作用下进行非接触式三维操控.进一步分析了沿激光束产生和捕获的微气泡的时空特性以及激光束捕获微气泡的力学特性.实验结果为应用微气泡进行分子水平的靶向性治疗提供了全新的技术手段.     

飞秒激光在对氨基偶氮苯薄膜表面上制备微偏振元件

用400 nm和800 nm线偏振飞秒激光垂直聚焦于对氨基偶氮苯薄膜表面上,以形成纳米微结构.实验观察到400 nm和800 nm线偏光照射样品表面分别得到周期为210 nm和500 nm的干涉条纹,条纹周期均随激光能流密度的增强而增大.通常认为这种周期结构是由入射激光与材料表面的散射光相干涉所形成的：光的干涉引起材料表面温度呈现梯度变化,从而引起表面张力呈现梯度变化,诱导周期条纹的产生.制备偶氮聚合物的厚膜,用400 nm飞秒激光照射样品表面,同样也得到周期性纳米微结构.     

Preparation of porous microstructures on NiTi alloy surface with femtosecond laser pulses

Porous microstructures on Nickel-Titanium （NiTi） alloy surfaces were prepared by linearly polarized femtosecond lasers with moving focal point at a certain speed. It was found that various novel micro- structures from feather-like ripples to cluster-like porous textures could be formed with increasing laser energy. Particularly, when the laser energy was 400 llJ, a periodic porous metal surface was gen- erated. Measurement of X-ray diffraction showed that the grains on the sample surface were refined through femtosecond laser ablation processes, but the crystal structures still kept their original states. Analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that Ni/l＂i on the sample surface was changed with an evident oxidization of titanium element under different laser energies. This investigation pro- vides a new approach to improve the biocompatibility of NiTi-based implant devices.     

Distribution,ecology, and oxygen and carbon isotope characteristics of modern planktonic foraminifers in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean

The Arctic region, with magnificent ice cover on the surface of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, is not only extremely sensitive to but also has strong amplification effects on climate change. Observations during the past decades have documented substantial retreat and thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover, a process that is accelerating. Its feedback and impact on the global climate has become an important subject of current climate change research. Calcite tests of planktonic foraminifers are major constituents in pelagic sediments, and they provide valuable materials for the reconstruction of past oceanographic conditions. However, research is still sparse in the Arctic sea area because of limited availability of the materials for investigation. Here, we present a study of modern foraminifers from the plankton tow samples taken in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean during the fourth Arctic expedition of China. We have analyzed ecological information stored in the modern planktonic foraminifers and in their stable isotope signals, and established a relationship between the distribution of the main taxa and the environment. Our main observations are as follows:(1) in the Makarov Basin, the polar species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sinistral coiling) dominates the [150 lm planktonic foraminiferal assemblages.(2) The planktonic foraminifers live mainly in the upper halocline at a water depth of 50–100 m and less in the depth interval of 100–200 m.(3) Temperature change in the halocline can affect the absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifers and their distribution in the water column. The warmer halocline is more favorable to the development of planktonic foraminifers.(4) A lighter d18O value(2.11 %) of N. pachyderma(sin.) is recorded in the depth interval of 100–200 m, which is likely related to the isotopically light brines separated out during sea ice freezing. The relatively heavy d18O value(1.68 %–2.68 %, average 2.27 %) in the depth interval of 50–100 m may be influenced by the low salinity water with the relatively heavy d18O value formed during the sea-ice melting in the surface layer.     

激光波形优化产生水窗区单阶谐波

通过激光波形调控,理论提出一种获得水窗区间单阶谐波的方法.研究表明,在双色激光场中适当引入啁啾调制可获得强度增强一个数量级的单阶谐波.随后,在啁啾波形处适当引入半周期激光场可使单阶谐波进一步向高能区延伸,进而覆盖整个水窗区间.最后,在不同啁啾场以及半周期场的组合下可获得波长可调的水窗区间单阶谐波.     

Effects of cavity-dispersion noncoaxiality on the generation of ultrabroadband femtosecond pulses

The effects of cavity-dispersion noncoaxiality （CDN） on the generation of ultrabroadband femtosecond pulses in KLM Ti：sapphire laser were investigated theoretically and experimentally. It was predicted that when the laser sub-cavity works near the coaxial operation point, the limitation of CDN on the bandwidth broadening is minimum, which is favorable for ultrabroadband pulse generation. On the basis of this prediction, femtosecond pulses with bandwidth of 650 to 1000 nm were directly generated from a home built KLM Ti：sapphire laser. To our knowledge, they are the broadest bandwidth pulses produced from KLM Ti：sapphire laser with similar oscillator configuration and gain crystal length of 3 mm.     

飞秒脉冲激光沉积法的动力学过程实验研究

用钛宝石飞秒激光器将最大峰值功率密度为1.14×1013 W/cm2的激光作用在Bi4Ti3O12陶瓷靶、Cu靶、FeSi2合金靶上,研究产生等离子体羽的颜色和形状一般规律:内芯均为白色对应于高温高压等离子体;紧跟内芯的是等离子体的复合形成中性粒子的区域;颜色单一的外层是温度较低的中性粒子和低温等离子体区.飞秒脉冲激光产生的等离子体呈cos4θ的角分布.在准分子脉冲激光沉积下衬底温度为500℃时-FeSi2薄膜的生长模式是Volmer-Weber模式,衬底温度为550℃时β-FeSi2薄膜的生长是Stranski-Krastanov模式.实验发现飞秒激光沉积技术能解决传统PLD法中产生大尺寸微滴的缺陷.     

飞秒激光诱导氧化锌晶体表面纳米条纹的相干连接

介绍了飞秒激光脉冲辐照氧化锌晶体表面诱导纳米条纹的相干连接,通过调整两次激光扫描区域的间距,两次独立形成的纳米条纹可以相干的连接起来,形成更长的纳米光栅.这样就解决了以前诱导光栅尺寸由激光聚集光斑大小限制的问题.Raman线扫描技术表征了相干连接的质量,并对相关的物理机制做了讨论.这种技术可以利用飞秒激光制作大尺寸的自组装纳米光栅.     

高功率可调谐超短激光脉冲

用高重复频率的准分子(Xecl)激光器泵浦染料可调谐激光器的腔倒空输出,进行二级超短脉冲放大。染料可调谐激光器是由锁模氩离子激光器泵浦,得到了峰值功率为8.5Mw,脉冲重复频率100Hz,波长从5780(?)到6150(?)可连续调谐,脉宽为微微秒的激光输出。