Determination of specific surfaces of silica xerogets by SAXS

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with synchrotron radiation as X-ray source has been used to study the structure of silica xerogets prepared by sol-get process. Both the agreement of SAXS profiles with and the deviation from Porod’s law and Debye’s theory have been found, showing that there are differences between the structures of these xerogets. The specific surfaces of the samples whose SAXS profiles agreed with Porod’s law and Debye’s theory have been determined by analyzing SAXS data according to the methods of Porod and Debye, respectivety, and the results of both methods used were found to be similar. We have proposed the corresponding Porod and Debye analysis methods to determine the specific surfaces of samples whose SAXS profiles do not agree with Porod’s law and Debye’s theory, i.e. the negative or positive deviation. The results of both methods used here were also found to be close to each other. The specific surfaces fell between approximatety 80–150 m²/cm³ for the samples prepared under various conditions.     

Scattering from rough surfaces using the “shooting and bouncing rays” technique

The “shooting and bouncing rays” (SBR) technique is used to analyze the electromagnetic scattering characters of ocean rough surfaces varying with time. Some numerical results are presented and compared with the method of moments, and some factors, such as the incident angle, polarization and frequency are investigated which influence on electromagnetic scattering characters of ocean rough surfaces. Foundation item: Supported by the 863 High Technology Project of China (863-818-01-02) Biography: GAO Huo-tao(1964-), male, Ph. D. candidate. Research direction: electromagnetic field theory and engineering application     

Three-year changes of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area

Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces at a semiarid area of Tognyu have been investigated based on the continuous three years observational data from 2003 to 2005. The changes of surface albedo with solar elevation angle and soil moisture have been discussed also. It has been found that surface albedo has almost the same diurnal and seasonal variations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in the semiarid area, while surface albedo is large in winter and small in summer. The diurnal variation of the surface albedo has relationship with the weather condition. The diurnal cycle of the surface albedo likes the ＂U＂ shape curve in sunny day, while it is low-high after the rain, and high-low after the snow. The surface albedo has large variation in cloudy day, while it has no any variation in overcast day. The large difference of the surface albedo can be 0.04 in winter between two land surfaces, because the snow has large effects on the surface albedo in winter. The rainfall is an important factor in summer on the surface albedo, while the difference of the surface albedo is 0.01 only between two land surfaces. The differences of the surface albedo can also be 0.04 in autumn due to vegetation growing. The seasonal-average surface albeo from 2003-2005 is 0.25, 0.22, 0.24, 0.32 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the degraded grassland surface, while it is 0.25, 0.21,0.22, 0.33 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the cropland surface. The surface albedo becomes smaller with the increase of solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle is greater than 40°, the surface albedo changes very little and tends to be a constant. The surface albedo has negative exponent functions with soil moisture in the growing season.     

Interaction between integrin αIIbβ3 and synthesized cyclic hexapeptide containing RGD

The RGD sequence generally exists in the extracellular matrix proteins and can be recognized by many integrin proteins. The binding ability of immobilized biotinylated cyclic hexapeptide [cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys-Gly-)] containing RGD to integrin α_αbβ₃ was tested by the methods of ELISA and SPR. Results showed that a spacer of 1.48–2.2 nm between the peptide and the biotin residue was long enough to send the RGD sequence into the binding center embccedded within α_IIbβ₃, and the equilibrium dissociation constant was 1.1 μm. The work provides an ideal model system for the research of cell adhesion on solid surfaces.     

Discovery of seep carbonate nodules as new evidence for gas venting on the northern continental slope of South China Sea

The geotectonic evolution of the northern South China Sea (SCS) is controlled by the Eurasian, the Pa-cific and the Indian-Australian Plates. With regard to its tectonic evolution, the northern margin composed of faulted terraces and basins and deposited …     

Photocatalytic degradation pathways and adsorption modes of H-acid in TiO2 suspensions

Effect of adsorption mode on photodegradation of H-acid in TiO2 suspension was studied using DFT calculation,UV-Vis spec-troscopy,FTIR,and ionic chromatography.At pH 2.5,H-acid was adsorbed on TiO2 surfaces by one dissociated sulfonic group.The adsorbed sulfonic group was attacked by surface ·OH,resulting in the production of SO42-and the cleavage of the naphtha-lene ring.At pH 5.0,H-acid was adsorbed on TiO2 surfaces by two sulfonic groups.The two adsorbed sulfonic groups were sim-ultaneously attacked by surface ·OH,leading to a faster initial production of SO42-and initial degradation rate of H-acid than those under pH 2.5.Microscopic adsorption structures may be more important than adsorption amount in controlling the photo-degradation pathways of organic pollutants.     

不同材料逆古斯汉欣位移机理的对比研究

通过计算分界面附近的能流矢量曲线,对贵金属、超材料和负折射光子晶体表面的逆古斯汉欣位移的物理机制进行了研究.结果表明,虽然一定频率的入射光波在这3类材料表面反射时都能产生逆古斯汉欣位移,但逆古斯汉欣位移发生的物理机制完全不同.金属表面产生的逆古斯汉欣位移是因为TM偏振入射光诱导金属表面自由电子振荡,从而激发表面等离子体波;超材料表面产生的逆古斯汉欣位移是因为反射光束相对入射光束发生了相位突变;负折射光子晶体表面产生的逆古斯汉欣位移是光子晶体的等效负折射效应和周期性表面的综合作用,即全反射时激发了后向表面波.     

翼型摆角对气动性能的影响分析

基于NREL S809翼型,研究尾翼摆角对于翼型气动性能的影响.通过对比升阻力系数的模拟值与实验值,排除了网格质量对翼型气动性能的影响,验证了利用S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)湍流模型对风力机翼型进行计算的有效性,确定了合理的模拟方案,分析了翼型的气动性能.在此基础上,将S809翼型进行了尾缘变形,生成S809上摆-5°、下摆5°、10°及15°这4种变形翼型.再利用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)软件对它们进行数值计算,分析了各个翼型升阻力系数及流场特性.研究表明,随着尾缘下摆角度的增加,变形翼型上下表面压差逐渐增大,下摆翼型在升阻力特性方面有较大改善.但随着翼型下摆角度的增大,翼型产生分离涡的攻角却随之减小,更易失速.而上摆翼型升阻力特性及失速特性均不如原始翼型.     

Formation of internal cracks during soft reduction in rectangular bloom continuous casting

To investigate the formation of internal cracks in GCr15 bearing steels during the soft reduction process in rectangular bloom continuous casting, fully coupled thermomechanical finite element models were developed using the commercial software MSC.MARC, and microstructures and fractographs were also observed. With the finite element models, the contours of temperature, equivalent plastic strain, and equivalent von Mises stress were simulated. It is observed that the fracture surfaces of internal cracks are covered by cleavage or quasi-cleavage facets. The region of internal cracks in the intergranular brittle fracture mode is in the mushy zone between the zero ductility temperature (ZDT) and the zero strength temperature (ZST). The simulated equivalent plastic strain in the crack region is 2.34%-2.45%, which is larger than the critical strain (0.4%-1.5%), and the equivalent von Mises stress is 1.84-5.05 MPa, which is within the range of critical stress (3.9-7.2 MPa), thus resulting in the occurrence of internal cracks. Reducing the soft reduction amount from 3 to 2 mm can lower the stress under the critical value.     

Effects of gravity on the electrodeposition and characterization of nickel foils

The effects of gravity on nickel electrodeposition, the morphology and mechanical properties of deposits were studied in a super gravity field. Predictions in a microgravity field were also presented based on the obtained experimental tendency. Linear sweep voltammetry reveals that the nickel electrodeposition process is enhanced by increasing the gravity coefficient (G). The limiting current density changes from 10.2 to 293.0 mA·cm-2 with the increase of the G value from 10-4 to 354. The morphology of deposits was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The images show that the morphology deposited in the super gravity field has finer grain sizes and denser and smoother surfaces. The roughness reduces from 48.3 to 4.9 nm with the increase of the G value from 10-4 to 354. Meanwhile, mechanical tests indicate that the mechanical properties of nickel foils are greatly improved due to introducing a super gravity field during electrodeposition.     

Divisional and hierarchical innervations of G. gecko’s toes to motion and reception

As a member of robot families, climbing robots have become one of the research hot-spots in the robotic field recently and Gekko gecko （G. gecko） has been broadly seen as an ideal model for climbing robot development. But for gecko-mimic robots, one of the key problems is how to design the robot＇s foot. In this paper, （1） high-speed camera recording and electrophysiological method are used to observe motion patterns of G. gecko＇s foot when it climbs on different oriented surfaces; （2） nerve innervations of gecko＇s toes to motion and reception are studied. It is found that the five toes of the G. gecko can be divided into two motion and reception divisions, and also its motion and reception are modulated and controlled hierarchically. The results provide important information and exclusive ideas for the foot design and control algorithm of gecko-mimic robots.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of BFe10 cupronickel alloy tubes fabricated by a horizontal continuous casting with heating-cooling combined mold technology

A new horizontal continuous casting method with heating-cooling combined mold (HCCM) technology was explored for fabricating high-quality thin-wall cupronickel alloy tubes used for heat exchange pipes. The microstructure and mechanical properties of BFe10 cupronickel alloy tubes fabricated by HCCM and traditional continuous casting (cooling mold casting) were comparatively investigated. The results show that the tube fabricated by HCCM has smooth internal and external surfaces without any defects, and its internal and external surface roughnesses are 0.64 μm and 0.85 μm, respectively. The tube could be used for subsequent cold processing without other treatments such as surface planning, milling and acid-washing. This indicates that HCCM can effectively reduce the process flow and improve the production efficiency of a BFe10 cupronickel alloy tube. The tube has columnar grains along its axial direction with a major casting texture of {012} <621>. Compared with cooling mold casting (δ=36.5%), HCCM can improve elongation (δ=46.3%) by 10% with a slight loss of strength, which indicates that HCCM remarkably improves the cold extension performance of a BFe10 cupronickel alloy tube.     

Test research on sticking mechanism during hot rolling of SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel

The sticking phenomenon during hot rolling of SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated by means of a two-disc type high-temperature wear tester. The test results indicate that sticking particles on the surfaces of high chromium steel (HiCr) and high-speed steel (HSS) rolls undergo nucleation, growth, and saturation stages. Grooves on the roll surface generated by grinding provide nucleation sites for sticking particles. The number of sticking particles on the HiCr roll surface is greater than that on the HSS roll surface. The average surface roughnesses (R_a) of HiCr and HSS rolls change from 0.502 and 0.493 μm at the initial stage to 0.837 and 0.530 μm at the saturation stage, respectively. The test further proves that the sticking behavior is strongly dependent on roll materials, and the HSS roll is more beneficial to prevent particles sticking compared with the HiCr roll under the same hot-rolling conditions.     

Kinetics of chemical leaching of chalcopyrite from low grade copper ore: behavior of different size fractions

The kinetics of the chemical leaching of copper from low grade ore in ferric sulfate media was investigated using the constrained least square optimization technique. The experiments were carried out for different particle sizes in both the reactor and column at constant oxidation-reduction potential (E_h), pH values, and temperature. The main copper mineral was chalcopyrite. About 40% of Cu recovery is obtained after 7 d of reactor leaching at 85℃ using -0.5 mm size fraction, while the same recovery is obtained at 75℃ after 24 d. Also, about 23% of Cu recovery is obtained after 60 d of column leaching for +4–-8 mm size fraction whereas the Cu recovery is as low as about 15% for +8–-12.7 and +12.7–-25 mm size fractions. A 4-stage model for chalcopyrite dissolution was used to explain the observed dissolution behaviors. The results show that thick over-layers of sulphur components cause the parabolic behavior of chalcopyrite dissolution and the precipitation of Fe3+ plays the main role in chalcopyrite passivation. In the case of coarse particles, transformation from one stage to another takes a longer time, thus only two stages including the initial reaction on fresh surfaces and S0 deposition are observed.     

Loess in the Tian Shan and its implications for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert and drying of northern Xinjiang

Eolian loess is widely distributed on the various geomorphic surfaces between 700–2400 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of the Tian Shan. It is formed in a synchronous manner with dust transported from the Gurbantunggut Desert in the Junggar Basin. The thickest section of loess was found in the Shawan and Shihezi regions. Paleomagnetic and climatic proxy analyses of over 71 m of a loess-paleosol sequence on the highest terrace of the Qingshui He (River) in the Shawan show that the paleomagnetic Bruhues/Matuyama (B/M) boundary lies at the bottom of paleosol S8, at a depth of 69.5 m, and the bottom of the sequence was estimated to be ∼0.8 Ma. This implies that the extremely dry climatic conditions in the Junggar Basin and the initial Gurbantunggut Desert were present at least by 0.8 Ma. High-resolution grain size series demonstrate that this area and desert expansion experienced two dramatic periods of desert expansions that occurred at ∼0.65 Ma and 0.5 Ma, respectively; and the subsequent continuous enhancement led to the environment presently observed. This tremendous environmental effect, caused by large-scale expansion of the desert and arid region of inner Asia, might be an important driving force for the global temperature drop that occurred in the mid-Pleistocene.     

Fabrication of high aspect ratio microfiber arrays that mimic gecko foot hairs

In nature, geckos have developed complex adhesion structures capable of smart adhesion, which is the ability to cling to different smooth and rough surfaces, even ceilings, and detach at will. The hierarchical structure of gecko foot hairs consists of microscale setae, branches and nanoscale spatulae, which contributes to their strong adhesion on different surfaces. In this paper, we propose a simple and low-cost method for fabricating two-level high aspect ratio microfiber arrays that mimic gecko foot hairs. SU-8 photoresist was used and single-level SU-8 microfiber arrays were obtained by a thick film photolithography process. Single-level polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) microfiber arrays were also obtained by a micromolding process and the master template for this process was fabricated using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology. Using the silicon mold with deep-hole arrays as a substrate, an SU-8 layer with microhole arrays was added to it using thick film photolithography and it formed a double stack mold from which the two-level hierarchical PDMS microfiber arrays were replicated. Water contact angle tests showed that the two-level hierarchical structures are extremely hydrophobic (about 148.5° compared with the Tokay gecko’s 160°).     

Comparison study of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres

To compare two microspheres of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin loaded theophylline as pulmonary sustained drug delivery carriers, the characteristics and ciliotoxicity were studied. The drug loadings of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres were 21.09% and 21.42%, and the encapsulation efficiencies were 91.40% and 92.80%. The distributions of 50% (d _0.5) of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres were 4.89 and 5.83 μm, respectively. Both microspheres showed spherical shape with smooth or wrinkled surfaces. FT-IR of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres demonstrated that theophylline had formed hydrogen bonds with chitosan and β-cyclodextrin, while for the carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres theophylline had interaction with carboxymethyl chitosan. The moisture absorption showed that an equilibrium was reached within 24 h. The two microspheres possessed better adaptability. In vitro release of theophylline from chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres was slower than that from carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres at pH 6.8. Biography: LI Ruobao(1968–), male, Associate professor, research direction: foundation research of respiratory system.     

Contact mechanics of pad of grasshopper (Insecta: ORTHOPTERA) by finite element methods

During locomotion, insect feet endure dramatic impact force and generate adhesive force which is controlled by the architecture of the foot. The patterns of smooth attachment pads in insect feet vary widely among insect orders and families. The functional significance of the micro-structure and geometric design of insect feet remains largely unknown. In this study, we developed a two-dimensional finite element model of a grasshopper’s attachment pad. Realistic geometric microstructure and material propertie...     

在干摩擦和边界润滑条件下丁苯橡胶对20#钢的磨损机理研究

用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪 (XPS)分析了磨损表面的形貌、元素含量及金属表面元素化学状态的变化 ,用镜面全反射傅立叶红外光谱仪 (FT IR)分析了橡胶表面官能团的变化。结果表明 ,2 0 # 钢被磨损的物理过程为磨粒磨损 (微切削 )。 2 0 # 钢被磨损的化学机制包括 :①金属及其氧化物与丁苯橡胶大分子自由基的反应 ;金属与具有含氧基团的丁苯橡胶分子链间的反应 ;②金属与矿物油烷烃链间及金属与氧化的矿物油烷烃链间的反应 ,主要反应产物为含有Fe C的金属聚合物及含有Fe O的聚合物 ;③金属本身的氧化 ,主要反应产物为Fe2 O3 ,FeO和Fe3 O4,在边界润滑条件下的金属磨损表面的氧化最明显     

4次带参Bézier可展曲面的设计

摘要： 为了方便解决工程中可展曲面位置与形状难以调节和控制的问题,提出了2种带形状参数的Bézier可展曲面设计新方法. 基于3D射影空间中点和平面间的对偶性,利用一种带形状参数的4次λ Bézier调配函数生成了具有4次λ Bézier基的控制平面,并由该平面进行包络和脊线可展曲面的设计,同时给出了在4次λ Bézier基函数下2种可展曲面的参数表示形式. 该方法生成的可展曲面不仅具有良好的形状可调性,而且保留了Bézier曲面的许多特性, 特别当参数λ取值为0时, 所生成的可展曲面即为3次Bézier可展曲面. 最后,对所设计的可展曲面进行了形状与性质分析,并给出了可展曲面间G2光滑拼接的条件. 实例结果表明,所提方法不仅直接、简单有效,而且易于控制可展曲面的形状,从而为可展曲面的设计提供了一种有效的新途径.
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