脉冲星J2313+4253的周期性消零和奇偶调制特性的研究

脉冲星子脉冲的强度调制特征对揭示脉冲星辐射过程和磁层几何具有重要意义.前人研究表明,PSR J2313+4253的单脉冲序列具有44倍和2倍自转周期的强度调制.其中2倍周期的调制周期被称为奇偶性调制,其物理起源并不清晰.本文利用佳木斯66 m射电望远镜的观测数据,对脉冲星J2313+4253在2250 MHz的单脉冲辐射特性进行了详细研究.通过相位分离涨落谱(LRFS)、谐频分离的涨落谱(HRFS)和二维涨落谱(2DFS)的分析方法,发现PSR J2313+4253的奇偶性调制来自于其短周期子脉冲漂移,并且调制现象展现出了时间依赖性.分析表明,旋转木马模型下,奇偶性调制可能起源于脉冲星火花放电过程中,辐射区子辐射束间边界不清晰而发生的混叠效应.     

脉冲星PSR J1224-6407的偏振、频谱和到达时间的研究

使用澳大利亚帕克斯射电望远镜对PSR J1224-6407进行了3个波段的研究，观测数据的时间跨度约10 a. 3个波段观测中心频率分别为732、1 369 MHz和3 100 MHz.将测量得到的流量密度与文献中的频谱数据相结合，得出脉冲星的频谱特性.用简单的幂律谱模型对频谱进行了拟合，得到谱指数为-1.45.用PSRCHIVE软件得到3个频率下平均脉冲轮廓和偏振观测结果，脉冲总强度、圆偏振、线偏振和偏振位置角曲线随频率表现出了不同的变化.在1.4 GHz的频率下，分析了脉冲星的计时残差，更新了脉冲星的位置、自转周期和周期导数等基本参数.     

一种基于泊松分布的提高X射线脉冲星脉冲轮廓信噪比的方法

论述了X射线脉冲星辐射模型和脉冲轮廓构造算法,提出了以Kullback-leibler距离函数作为评价标准,提高具有泊松分布规律的X射线脉冲星脉冲轮廓信噪比的平滑算法,推导了平滑参数和平滑累积脉冲轮廓的计算公式.搭建了X射线脉冲星导航地面模拟系统,实现了对模拟X射线脉冲星单光子到达时间的记录及X射线脉冲星脉冲轮廓的构造,得到了X射线脉冲到达时间TOA.在X射线脉冲星导航地面模拟系统上,对平滑算法进行了验证,结果表明该算法对于提高累积脉冲轮廓的信噪比效果显著,信噪比提高大于10dB.     

基于压缩感知的脉冲星轮廓构建算法

利用有限的观测时间获得高精度的累积脉冲轮廓,对于X射线脉冲星导航具有重要意义.提出一种基于压缩感知的脉冲星累积脉冲轮廓重构算法.首先,研究脉冲轮廓,获取先验知识,在此基础上构建波形匹配冗余词典,得到脉冲轮廓的稀疏表示;然后,设计观测矩阵,利用原始观测数据得到具有较少点数的非自适应随机测量值;最后,采用匹配追踪方法从随机测量值中恢复脉冲轮廓.利用罗希X射线探测器的实测脉冲星数据进行实验,结果表明：利用相同时段的观测数据,该算法得到的累积脉冲轮廓的信噪比远高于周期叠加方法得到的累积脉冲轮廓.     

毫秒脉冲星的高能辐射

 根据自恰毫秒脉冲星磁层外隙模型讨论毫秒脉冲星的高能辐射机制.其中X射线由2个热成分和1个幂律成分组成,γ射线由外隙粒子同步-曲率辐射产生.在此基础上,理论计算了11颗X射线波段及其他39颗在射电波段观测到的毫秒脉冲星,所得理论与观测符合较好,表明该模型能较好地解释毫秒脉冲星的高能辐射机制.     

脉冲星辐射束模型的观测检验

脉冲星射电辐射束结构是长期有争议的问题,锥辐射束模型和扇形束模型是目前2种能做出明确理论预言的模型,对于脉冲轮廓宽度和视线与磁轴的夹角(碰撞角)之间的关系,它们给出了相反的预言.文章从文献中收集了85颗脉冲星的射电脉冲轮廓宽度和碰撞角数据,对模型预言的关系进行了检验,这是目前最大观测样本的检验.结果表明,扇形束模型的预言和观测数据能很好地吻合,而锥辐射束模型的预言和观测数据有显著差异.这对目前流行的锥辐射束模型提出了更大的挑战.     

基于经验模态分解空域相关滤波的脉冲星信号消噪

针对脉冲星信号信噪比极低,且信号中有色噪声成分远大于高斯白噪声的特点,提出了一种基于经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)的脉冲星信号空域相关滤波消噪方法。首先建立脉冲星信号的分形高斯噪声模型,根据双对数功率谱密度估计分形高斯噪声的Hurst参数值;然后,结合脉冲星累积信号的窗口辐射特性和分形高斯噪声经EMD分解后的噪声分布特点,估计脉冲星信号各层内蕴模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)中噪声的方差;最后,以IMF噪声方差为基础,建立EMD空域相关滤波方法并应用于脉冲星累积轮廓消噪。实验结果表明,与经典的平移不变小波阈值消噪法、平移不变小波空域相关滤波消噪法以及EMD模态单元比例萎缩消噪法相比,改进的EMD空域相关滤波消噪法在抑制脉冲信号中的噪声和保留更多的微脉冲特征细节信息方面更加有效。     

X射线脉冲星自主导航的脉冲轮廓和联合观测方程

现在通用的X射线脉冲星导航的3维观测方程,是以3颗脉冲星发射的脉冲到达航天器和太阳系质心的时间偏差为观测量建立起来的.在实际测量过程中,这个观测量是通过比较航天器探测到的脉冲观测轮廓与相应脉冲星的标准轮廓得到的,而在累积观测轮廓的同时也得到了观测轮廓的周期,因此根据Doppler速度测量方程,就能够确定航天器的速度矢量.本文首先导出Doppler速度测量方程,提出在观测轮廓的积累过程中考虑航天器的速度和加速度,得到的观测轮廓的周期不同于标准轮廓.这样,将探测3颗脉冲星得到的观测轮廓与相应的标准轮廓进行比较时,可以同时获得脉冲到达航天器和太阳系质心的时间偏差和频率漂移6个观测量,从而确定航天器的3维位置和3维速度.由于信息量增加一倍,6维观测方程比现行观测方程更为精确和完整.     

PSR J0826+2637的模式变换特性研究

利用FAST在中心频率为1.25 GHz的观测数据，分析了PSR J0826+2637的单脉冲能量分布和调制特性，发现存在新的模式变换，并探讨了不同模式的平均脉冲轮廓和偏振特性.结果显示：在B模式中存在强、弱2种模式，弱模式中存在脉冲消零（PN）现象，脉冲消零比（NF）为2.7%；在强、弱2种模式中，中间脉冲的偏振结果差异较小，而主脉冲的变化较大. PSR J0826+2637的模式变换特性很难用现有的模型来解释.     

Fermi blazar的射电谱指数性质

以Fermi/LAT 4FGL-DR3中blazar为样本,绘制了其射电能谱图(logf_ν-logν).根据散点的分布趋势,分别用一次、二次或三次曲线对能谱进行了拟合,最后得到2347个blazar的能谱及其拟合曲线的参数.根据拟合结果给出了0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.4, 5, 8, 15, 50和150 GHz等9个频率处的射电谱指数.讨论了平均谱指数随频率的变化,以及同步辐射谱曲率与射电谱指数的关系.结果表明:平均射电谱指数在-0.1–1的范围内变化,在1–50 GHz频率范围内,谱指数变化幅度最小(0–0.2);在同一频率处,不同子类blazar的平均谱指数不同,且有■;随着射电辐射频率的增加,平均谱指数先减小后增加,呈开口向上的抛物线形状;按照散点的分布趋势,射电能谱图可分成3种类型(Λ, V和S型), 3种类型源的射电谱均应是小尺度和大尺度喷流辐射成分的合成,但Λ与V型源中的2种成分可能不同;各子类blazar的同步辐射谱曲率与射电谱指数有较好的正相关关系,射电辐射对低同步峰频BL Lac (LBL)、平谱射电源(FSRQ)、高同步峰频BL L...     

Optical pulsations from the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U0142+61

Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) differ from ordinary radio pulsars in that their X-ray luminosity is orders of magnitude greater than their rate of rotational energy loss, and so they require an additional energy source. One possibility is that AXPs are highly magnetized neuron stars or 'magnetars' having surface magnetic fields greater than 10(14) G. This would make them similar to the soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs), but alternative models that do not require extreme magnetic fields also exist. An optical counterpart to the AXP 4U0142+61 was recently discovered, consistent with emission from a magnetar, but also from a magnetized hot white dwarf, or an accreting isolated neutron star. Here we report the detection of optical pulsations from 4U0142+61. The pulsed fraction of optical light (27 per cent) is five to ten times greater than that of soft X-rays, from which we conclude that 4U0142+61 is a magnetar. Although this establishes a direct relationship between AXPs and the soft gamma-ray repeaters, the evolutionary connection between AXPs, SGRs and radio pulsars remains controversial.     

An optical counterpart to the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U0142+61

The energy source of the anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) is not understood, hence their designation as anomalous. Unlike binary X-ray pulsars, no companions are seen, so the energy cannot be supplied by accretion of matter from a companion star. The loss of rotational energy, which powers radio pulsars, is insufficient to power AXPs. Two models are generally considered: accretion from a large disk left over from the birth process, or decay of a very strong magnetic field (10(15) G) associated with a 'magnetar'. The lack of counterparts at other wavelengths has hampered progress in our understanding of these objects. Here we report deep optical observations of the field around 4U0142+61, which is the brightest AXP in X-rays. The source has no associated supernova remnant, which, together with its spin-down timescale of approximately 10(5) yr (ref. 5), suggests that it may be relatively old. We find an object with peculiar optical colours at the position of the X-ray source, and argue that it is the optical counterpart. The optical emission is too faint to admit the presence of a large accretion disk, but may be consistent with magnetospheric emission from a magnetar.     

Transient pulsed radio emission from a magnetar

Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are slowly rotating neutron stars with very bright and highly variable X-ray emission that are believed to be powered by ultra-strong magnetic fields of >10(14) G, according to the 'magnetar' model. The radio pulsations that have been observed from more than 1,700 neutron stars with weaker magnetic fields have never been detected from any of the dozen known magnetars. The X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197 was revealed (in 2003) as the first AXP with transient emission when its luminosity increased 100-fold from the quiescent level; a coincident radio source of unknown origin was detected one year later. Here we show that XTE J1810-197 emits bright, narrow, highly linearly polarized radio pulses, observed at every rotation, thereby establishing that magnetars can be radio pulsars. There is no evidence of radio emission before the 2003 X-ray outburst (unlike ordinary pulsars, which emit radio pulses all the time), and the flux varies from day to day. The flux at all radio frequencies is approximately equal--and at >20 GHz XTE J1810-197 is currently the brightest neutron star known. These observations link magnetars to ordinary radio pulsars, rule out alternative accretion models for AXPs, and provide a new window into the coronae of magnetars.     

Evidence for free precession in a pulsar

Pulsars are rotating neutron stars that produce lighthouse-like beams of radio emission from their magnetic poles. The observed pulse of emission enables their rotation rates to be measured with great precision. For some young pulsars, this provides a means of studying the interior structure of neutron stars. Most pulsars have stable pulse shapes, and slow down steadily (for example, see ref. 20). Here we report the discovery of long-term, highly periodic and correlated variations in both the pulse shape and the rate of slow-down of the pulsar PSR B1828-11. The variations are best described as harmonically related sinusoids, with periods of approximately 1,000, 500 and 250 days, probably resulting from precession of the spin axis caused by an asymmetry in the shape of the pulsar. This is difficult to understand theoretically, because torque-free precession of a solitary pulsar should be damped out by the vortices in its superfluid interior.     

Flares from a candidate Galactic magnetar suggest a missing link to dim isolated neutron stars

Magnetars are young neutron stars with very strong magnetic fields of the order of 10(14)-10(15) G. They are detected in our Galaxy either as soft gamma-ray repeaters or anomalous X-ray pulsars. Soft gamma-ray repeaters are a rare type of gamma-ray transient sources that are occasionally detected as bursters in the high-energy sky. No optical counterpart to the gamma-ray flares or the quiescent source has yet been identified. Here we report multi-wavelength observations of a puzzling source, SWIFT J195509+261406. We detected more than 40 flaring episodes in the optical band over a time span of three days, and a faint infrared flare 11 days later, after which the source returned to quiescence. Our radio observations confirm a Galactic nature and establish a lower distance limit of approximately 3.7 kpc. We suggest that SWIFT J195509+261406 could be an isolated magnetar whose bursting activity has been detected at optical wavelengths, and for which the long-term X-ray emission is short-lived. In this case, a new manifestation of magnetar activity has been recorded and we can consider SWIFT J195509+261406 to be a link between the 'persistent' soft gamma-ray repeaters/anomalous X-ray pulsars and dim isolated neutron stars.     

短时标暂现射电现象观测研究进展

短时标暂现射电源(RRATs)是一类特殊的射电源,与普通脉冲星相比,它具有以下的特征:发射稀少的毫秒级时标的爆发式射电脉冲,发射期内脉冲没有周期性,即每次只发射一个单独的射电脉冲,所以探测这类射电源非常困难。目前共发现大约46个这种类型的短时标暂现射电源,其中大约27个已确定了它们有秒级自转周期,7个源测得了周期导数。     

An infrared ring around the magnetar SGR 1900+14

Magnetars are a special class of slowly rotating (period approximately 5-12 s) neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields (>10(14 )G)--at least an order of magnitude larger than those of the 'normal' radio pulsars. The potential evolutionary links and differences between these two types of object are still unknown; recent studies, however, have provided circumstantial evidence connecting magnetars with very massive progenitor stars. Here we report the discovery of an infrared elliptical ring or shell surrounding the magnetar SGR 1900+14. The appearance and energetics of the ring are difficult to interpret within the framework of the progenitor's stellar mass loss or the subsequent evolution of the supernova remnant. We suggest instead that a dust-free cavity was produced in the magnetar environment by the giant flare emitted by the source in August 1998. Considering the total energy released in the flare, the theoretical dust-destruction radius matches well with the observed dimensions of the ring. We conclude that SGR 1900+14 is unambiguously associated with a cluster of massive stars, thereby solidifying the link between magnetars and massive stars.     

高压交联聚乙烯电缆附件局部放电特性分析

构建了110 kV电缆中间接头内部4种典型绝缘缺陷物理模型,通过建立电缆附件局部放电(partial discharge,PD)试验研究平台,获取不同绝缘缺陷模型下的放电数据,并构造了三维放电图谱,分析了单次脉冲的时频域特征及放电统计特性.试验结果显示,在起始放电阶段各缺陷下的放电脉冲波形比较稳定,时频特性有明显差异,其随机性主要表现为脉冲峰值的波动,而放电区间、放电重复率等统计特征也有很大不同,这些特征可用作放电类型识别的依据.     

A test of general relativity from the three-dimensional orbital geometry of a binary pulsar.

Binary pulsars provide an excellent system for testing general relativity because of their intrinsic rotational stability and the precision with which radio observations can be used to determine their orbital dynamics. Measurements of the rate of orbital decay of two pulsars have been shown to be consistent with the emission of gravitational waves as predicted by general relativity, but independent verification was not possible. Such verification can in principle be obtained by determining the orbital inclination in a binary pulsar system using only classical geometrical constraints. This would permit a measurement of the expected retardation of the pulse signal arising from the general relativistic curvature of space-time in the vicinity of the companion object (the 'Shapiro delay'). Here we report high-precision radio observations of the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J0437-4715, which establish the three-dimensional structure of its orbit. We see the Shapiro delay predicted by general relativity, and we determine the mass of the neutron star and its white dwarf companion. The determination of such masses is necessary in order to understand the origin and evolution of neutron stars.