固废制备的填充剂中NaCl对橡胶品质的影响

将碱厂白泥、造纸白泥、含油污泥等固体废弃物加工为橡胶填充剂是一种较好的资源化利用技术,但这些填充剂中往往残留有一定量的NaCl,可能对橡胶制品的性能造成一定影响.本文通过向天然橡胶中添加含有NaCl的填充剂研究了NaCl对橡胶制品性能的影响.实验表明,NaCl在橡胶加工过程中作为晶核起异相结晶作用,可提高橡胶的交联性和热稳定性;在实验的含量范围内,NaCl对填充剂粉体的分散性、硫化时间稍有影响,但橡胶交联性明显提高;硬度、拉伸强度、拉断伸长率等主要力学性能变化不大;老化后的橡胶力学性能基本不变,且部分力学性能高于对照样品.研究揭示,只要NaCl的含量控制在4%以内,基本不会对橡胶工程和橡胶制品性能产生影响;该研究成果有利于含NaCl固体废弃物资源化利用新技术的开发与应用.     

基于本构模型的橡胶衬套刚度分析

选取Mooney-Rivlin、YEOH和Ogden三种超弹性本构模型,以橡胶材料基本力学实验数据为基础,识别出三种本构模型的参数。建立汽车悬架橡胶衬套有限元模型,以三种本构模型设置材料属性,计算了橡胶衬套轴向、径向和扭转三个方向的静态力学特性。结果表明,在小变形范围内,YEOH对橡胶衬套轴向变形仿真效果较好,Mooney-Rivlin模型对径向和扭转变形仿真效果较好。     

A new simple temperature-controlled membrane oxygenator for the perfusion of isolated rat livers

A new temperature-controlled membrane oxygenator for perfusing isolated rat livers was assembled using a combination of heat-exchangeable rubber tubing and silicon rubber tubing. The apparatus supplied enough oxygen to satisfy the requirements of hemoglobin-free perfused livers.     

Variation de la chaleur spécifique du caoutchouc en fonction de l'élongation

Summary The variation of the specific heat with extension was determined for several samples of rubber. Non-vulcanized rubber shows no change of the specific heat when extended between 0 and 300%. For vulcanized rubber, there is a very slight increase of the specific heat, proportional to the extension. For some samples a knee in the curve appears at about 200% (at room temperature), the linear increase of specific heat being about ten times higher for higher extensions. It is supposed that this sudden increase is related to the «heat of crystallization».     

A new simple temperature-controlled membrane oxygenator for the perfusion of isolated rat livers

Summary A new temperature-controlled membrane oxygenator for perfusing isolated rat livers was assembled using a combination of heat-exchangeable rubber tubing and silicon rubber tubing. The apparatus supplied enough oxygen to satisfy the requirements of hemoglobin-free perfused livers.Acknowledgment. One of the authors (MO) would like to thank to Prof. Dr R. Scholz, Institut für Physiologische Chemie der Universität München, for his kind permission to observe his perfusion experiments and also for his valuable discussion.     

The role of prices in models of innovation diffusion

When evaluating the launch of a new product or service, forecasts of the diffusion path and the effects of the marketing mix are critically important. Currently no unified framework exists to provide guidelines on the inclusion and specification of marketing mix variables into models of innovation diffusion. The objective of this research is to examine empirically the role of prices in diffusion models, in order to establish whether price can be incorporated effectively into the simpler time-series models. Unlike existing empirical research which examines the models' fit to historical data, we examine the predictive validity of alternative models. Only if the incorporation of prices improves the predictive performance of diffusion models can it be argued that these models have validity. A series of diffusion models which include prices are compared against a number of well-accepted diffusion models, including the Bass (1969) model, and more recently developed ‘flexible’ diffusion models. For short data series and long-lead time forecasting, the situation typical of practical situations, price rarely added to the forecasting capability of simpler time-series models. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sandwich enzyme immunoassay of mouse mammary tumor virus

Summary A highly sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is described. The assay can detect 3 ng/ml of MMTV. The enzyme used is ß-D-galactosidase fromEscherichia coli and the solid phase used is a piece of silicon rubber.     

A flexible model of technological diffusion incorporating economic factors with an application to the spread of colour television ownership in the UK

In this paper a new encompassing flexible diffusion model of the epidemic type is proposed and its properties explored. Economic factors are incorporated directly into the model. The new model allows freer interaction between exogenous and endogenous factors in the diffusion process than existing models of this type. The model is applied to the diffusion of colour television ownership in the UK and outperforms the existing models in the literature. The exogenous factors are shown to play a more dominant role in the diffusion of colour television in the UK than existing models allow.     

An anatomical study of the microcirculation in the rabbit femur

Summary A technique is described which will allow a study of the microcirculation to a long bone such as the femur. It involves use of a silicone rubber compound (Microfil) in combination with the Spalteholz clearing technique. Preliminary results in the normal rabbit skeleton suggest that this technique can be used to study the changes in vascularity which occur under various pathological conditions.     

Self‐Restraining Bass Models

We extend the classic Bass diffusion model to address the case in which existing adopters could depress the growth of adoption, i.e. the diffusion process is self‐restraining. Two modified Bass models are proposed according to whether the negative depressive effect is exerted on potential adopters or existing adopters. We then characterize the diffusion paths for several generalizations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cathétérisme intracardiaque en clinique

Summary Cardiac catheterization, initially conducted byForssmann in 1929, has become a qualified clinical method. A fine rubber catheter is introduced into the antecubital vein and mechanically reaches the right heart chambers; auricular and ventricular, as well as the pulmonary artery. In some exceptional cases the left auricle and ventricle likewise lend themselves to exploration.     

基于专利引文数据的混合动力汽车创新扩散研究

以巴斯扩散模型为理论基础,利用1995～2011年的专利引文数据,对混合动力汽车的技术扩散模型进行了非线性最小二乘法估计。结果显示：①各参数均为统计上显著的,且可决系数与调整可决系数均较大;②该技术的扩散路径符合巴斯模型,且处于成熟阶段。同时,以普锐斯为例,对其1997～2010年的销售数据进行拟合与预测,结果显示,该产品的扩散过程符合巴斯模型。文章认为新技术的扩散与新产品之间存在时滞。     

A diffusion model for products with indirect network externalities

This paper develops a new diffusion model that incorporates the indirect network externality. The market with indirect network externalities is characterized by two‐way interactive effects between hardware and software products on their demands. Our model incorporates two‐way interactions in forecasting the diffusion of hardware products based on a simple but realistic assumption. The new model is parsimonious, easy to estimate, and does not require more data points than the Bass diffusion model. The new diffusion model was applied to forecast sales of DVD players in the United States and in South Korea, and to the sales of Digital TV sets in Australia. When compared to the Bass and NSRL diffusion models, the new model showed better performance in forecasting long‐term sales. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Innovators and imitators in innovation diffusion modelling

We examine the theoretical underpinnings of the Bass innovation diffusion model and show that, contrary to the present understanding in the literature, it does not describe the behavioural theory of an innovator-imitator dichotomy within the adopting population as was intended. Rather, this model describes the behaviour of a homogeneous population in which it is assumed that product adoption occurs as a result of exposure to a news source or from the binary interaction between adopters and non-adopters. We provide an alternative framework in which the innovator-imitator explanation of diffusion is explicitly incorporated. In the so-called two-compartment model the innovators and imitators constitute two distinct but interacting subpopulations. However, the added structural complexity cannot be supported by the available diffusion data, resulting in unsatisfactory model estimation results. This suggests that the innovator-imitator population dichotomy assumed to underlie the present understanding of the innovation diffusion process may be inappropriate. Replacing it with the assumption of a homogeneous population could have potentially important implications for new product advertising strategies.     

Velocity and myosin phosphorylation transients in arterial smooth muscle: effects of agonist diffusion

Transients in myoplasmic [Ca2+] and in phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton light chain of myosin have been reported following stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by various agonists. Since these transients are rapid compared with the time required to attain a steady-state stress, agonist diffusion rates may be a significant limitation in activation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of agonist diffusion rates on the time course of activation as assessed by mechanical measurements of stress development and isotonic shortening velocities and by determinations of the time course of myosin phosphorylation. The approach was to measure these parameters in K+ -stimulated preparations of the swine carotid media of varying thicknesses and to estimate the theoretical contributions imposed by diffusion rates and the presence of a diffusion boundary layer surrounding the tissue. The results show that the time course of parameters which are tissue averages such as stiffness, active stress, and myosin phosphorylation is dominated by agonist diffusion rates. The sequence of events involved in excitation-contraction coupling including agonist actions on the cell membrane, Ca2+ release, activation of myosin light chain kinase, and cross-bridge phosphorylation appear to be very rapid events compared with stress development. Estimates of unloaded or lightly loaded shortening velocities which are not simple tissue averages appear to provide an improved estimate of activation rates.     

The role of oxygen diffusivity in biochemical reactions

It has been shown that increasing protein concentrations can decrease oxygen diffusion in 3 in vitro systems. We postulate that it is possible, and in some circumstances probable, that diffusion might be a rate limiting step in both in vitro and in vivo biological systems.     

The role of oxygen diffusivity in biochemical reactions

Summary It has been shown that increasing protein concentrations can decrease oxygen diffusion in 3 in vitro systems. We postulate that it is possible, and in some circumstances probable, that diffusion might be a rate limiting step in both in vitro and in vivo biological systems.     

The diffusion of scientific innovations: A role typology

How do scientific innovations spread within and across scientific communities? In this paper, we propose a general account of the diffusion of scientific innovations. This account acknowledges that novel ideas must be elaborated on and conceptually translated before they can be adopted and applied to field-specific problems. We motivate our account by examining an exemplary case of knowledge diffusion, namely, the early spread of theories of rational decision-making. These theories were grounded in a set of novel mathematical tools and concepts that originated in John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944/1947) and subsequently spread widely across the social and behavioral sciences. Introducing a network-based diffusion measure, we trace the spread of those tools and concepts into distinct research areas. We furthermore present an analytically tractable typology for classifying publications according to their roles in the diffusion process. The proposed framework allows for a systematic examination of the conditions under which scientific innovations spread within and across preexisting and newly emerging scientific communities.     

Velocity and myosin phosphorylation transients in arterial smooth muscle: effects of agonist diffusion

Summary Transients in myoplasmic [Ca²⁺] and in phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton light chain of myosin have been reported following stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by various agonists. Since these transients are rapid compared with the time required to attain a steady-state stress, agonist diffusion rates may be a significant limitation in activation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of agonist diffusion rates on the time course of activation as assessed by mechanical measurements of stress development and isotonic shortening velocities and by determinations of the time course of myosin phosphorylation. The approach was to measure these parameters in K⁺-stimulated preparations of the swine carotid media of varying thicknesses and to estimate the theoretical contributions imposed by diffusion rates and the presence of a diffusion boundary layer surrounding the tissue. The results show that the time course of parameters which are tissue averages such as stiffness, active stress, and myosin phosphorylation is dominated by agonist diffusion rates. The sequence of events involved in excitation-contraction coupling including agonist actions on the cell membrane, Ca²⁺ release, activation of myosin light chain kinase, and cross-bridge phosphorylation appear to be very rapid events compared with stress development. Estimates of unloaded or lightly loaded shortening velocities which are not simple tissue averages appear to provide an imporoved estimate of activation rates.Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health 5-PO1-HL19242. K. E. Kamm was supported by a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Research Service Award HL-05957.