焦油裂解时氧化钙失活的活性再生特性研究

在固定床反应器上,以焦油的两种主要组份苯和甲苯为对象,对氧化钙失活后通过燃烧实验研究其催化活性的再生特性,测定了再生氧化钙条件下的裂解反应动力学参数．实验结果表明,通过空气条件下燃烧,氧化钙的活性得到部分再生,相同温度下,再生条件下气态裂解产物减少．     

一种循环床循环灰条件下焦油组分的催化裂解

以循环流化床锅炉循环灰为热载体、部分气化产生的半焦为锅炉燃料的煤的部分气化技术中,降低焦油产率、提高煤气产率是一个关键。在固定床反应器实验台上实验研究了一种循环流化床锅炉循环灰条件下焦油的两种主要组分苯和甲苯的催化裂解反应特性,测定了裂解反应动力学参数,探讨了循环灰的催化机理,实验结果表明,与石英砂条件下相比,循环灰极大地促进了焦油的裂解程度,气态裂解产物总量提高。     

生物质焦油模化物蒸汽重整实验研究

生物质焦油是生物质热解和气化过程中不可避免的副产物,并且在生物质应用过程中存在有害的影响,因此对于生物质焦油转化的研究受到广泛的关注。本文在试制开发低流阻高强度的蒸汽重整整体式催化剂的基础上,以苯和甲苯作为焦油的模型化合物,在管式反应器上研究了该催化剂作用下,温度、蒸汽量对焦油催化转化以及裂解气体成分的影响;并实验研究了催化剂作用下温度和水碳摩尔比S／C对甲烷转化率的影响。实验发现,苯和甲苯的转化率都随温度的提高而升高。甲苯和苯在裂化温度900℃,S／C=2时整体式催化剂催化作用下转化率分别达到94．1％和77．1％;在600℃时实现了甲烷气体的高效转化;蒸汽量的增加有助于裂解气体成分的调整,同时也促进了消碳反应的进行。     

焦油裂解反应对循环灰催化作用的影响

以循环床锅炉循环灰为热载体、部分气化产生的半焦为锅炉燃料的煤的部分气化技术中,循环灰对降低焦油产率、提高煤气产率是有利的。以焦油的两种主要组份苯和甲苯为对象,用固定床反应器实验研究了焦油裂解过程中反应对一种烟煤形成的循环灰的催化活性的影响,测定了该种循环灰的失活系数,探讨了失活机理。实验结果表明,随着积碳量的增加,循环灰的比表面积和空隙率减小,裂解反应速率下降,裂解产物中碳产率增加。     

导向喷动流化床生物质快速裂解制液体燃料

在冷模试验得到的优化的结构参数基础上,建立了一套生物质最大处理量为5kg／h的导向管喷动流化床生物质裂解反应器。反应在常压和440～520℃进行,以木屑为生物质原料,二氧化碳和氮气为喷动气或流化气,沙子为流化介质。结果表明该喷动流化床反应器可用于生物质的快速裂解。在400～480℃,液体产率随温度增加而上升,高于480℃时,二次反应的加剧又导致液体产品产率下降。固体和气体的产率则随温度的升高而减少。喷动气和流化气流量的增加均强化了反应器内的传热,并使生物质初始裂解产物的停留时间减少,二次反应进行程度减弱。在适当的裂解条件下液体产率可达73．2％,此时气体和焦的产率分别为12．8％和14．0％。所得液体产品为单一相液体,含水约30％,可用于燃烧。与流化床相比,喷动流化床作为生物质快速裂解反应器可明显提高液体产率。     

NHPI与草酰胺单核Cu(Ⅱ)配合物协同催化氧化甲苯

合成了一种草酰胺单核Cu（Ⅱ）配合物，并通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、元素分析等手段对其进行表征。以分子氧为氧源，研究了其与NHPI协同催化氧化甲苯的性能，考察了温度、时间、氧压力等因素对反应的影响。结果表明，当反应温度为80℃，反应时间为10h，氧压力为0．5MPa时，甲苯的转化率和苯甲酸的产率分别达到84．1％和76．8％。与传统的甲苯催化氧化体系相比，甲苯的转化率和苯甲酸的产率均有了较大的提高。该催化体系具有反应条件温和、选择性高等优点。     

一种循环灰积碳失活后活性再生特性研究

为解决焦油裂解中流化床气化技术的问题,以焦油的两种主要组份苯和甲苯为对象,利用固定床反应器对一种烟煤形成的循环灰失活后通过燃烧其催化活性的再生特性进行了实验研究,测定了再生循环灰条件下的裂解反应动力学参数。实验结果表明,通过空气条件下燃烧,循环灰的活性得到完全再生,再生前后气态裂解产物变化很小。该结果对循环床气化具有重要的指导意义。     

煤加压低温热解制取焦油和煤气特性

为了提高煤在分级转化中的高效洁净利用,建立了煤加压热解实验系统.以陕西黑龙沟煤为对象,研究了不同温度(500~700℃)、压力(0.1~0.5 MPa)、气氛(N2与煤气)、粒径(0~3mm与0~6 mm)对低温热解焦油、煤气产率和品质的影响规律.结果表明,随着温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,在温度为600℃时达到最高,煤气产率逐渐增加.随着压力的增加,焦油产率在N2气氛下降低,煤气气氛下升高;而热解煤气产率在N2气氛下升高,煤气气氛下降低;大颗粒煤热解焦油产率高于小颗粒煤的热解产率,但当压力达到0.5 MPa时,热解焦油与煤气产率几乎不受粒径影响.升高压力虽降低了热解煤气中CO与H2的含量,但促进更多轻质碳氢化合物(如CO2,CH4,C2H4,C2H6)的析出,因此提高了热解煤气热值,同时煤焦油品质也因焦油中苯、甲苯、苯酚及萘的实际收率增加而提高.     

橄榄石对甲苯重整活性及积碳速率的影响

为掌握橄榄石在焦油转化过程中的作用规律,采用实验的方法研究橄榄石及其主要化学组成催化重整煤焦油的模型物甲苯.实验结果表明:橄榄石能大大促进甲苯生成气体产物.主要化学组成中MgO促进甲苯转化为气体产物的能力最强,Fe_2O_3次之,CaO不能促进气体产物的生成.甲苯在石英砂上反应生成的气体不饱和烃可能是通过甲苯侧链甲基的脱氢、聚合产生,由苯开环裂解产生的可能性小.煅烧后的橄榄石中除Fe_2O_3外,其他微量化学组成Al_2O_3、NiO可能起了较大的催化作用.氧化钙、氧化铁、氧化镁等化学组成都能降低甲苯水蒸气重整过程中的积碳速率.积碳速率由大到小的顺序是橄榄石石英砂氧化铁氧化钙氧化镁.     

从段间油制取苯、甲苯和石油树脂──裂解轻焦油综合利用研究

裂解轻油是重要的化工原料。“压缩段间油”是用管式炉裂解炼厂气时得到的裂解轻油。本工作用比较简单的以催化聚合为基础的加工方法得到了合成级的苯、甲苯和可用于橡胶、油漆等工业的石油树脂。对段间油的重量产率力苯４６．４±２．１％,甲苯９．７±１．６％,石油树脂１０．９±１．５％。此项工作为工业放大试验提供了必要的数据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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