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1.
考虑由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的双渠道供应链,制造商负责产品的生产,生产出来的产品一部分由零售商进行传统渠道销售,另一部分由制造商通过网络进行直销.传统零售渠道和网络直销渠道都为消费者提供退货服务,且退货价格与两个渠道的市场需求具有相关性.通过建立双渠道供应链博弈模型,分析了集中式决策和分散式决策下的退货价格策略,并就两种决策模式下的退货策略进行了比较分析,同时就双渠道供应链实现协调进行了合同设计.研究表明:在批发价格契约下不能实现双渠道供应链的协调,而采用两部定价合同可实现双渠道供应链的协调.  相似文献   

2.
针对由一个制造商与一个零售商构成的二级供应链结构,考虑将整个销售期划分为两个销售阶段并通过混合双渠道销售产品,提出了有效的协调契约.制造商与零售商之间存在以制造商为主导的斯塔克伯格博弈行为,运用博弈理论建立决策模型,并引入改进的收益共享契约,以解决渠道冲突问题.结果表明,制造商在保持传统渠道的同时,开辟电子渠道将导致传统零售商抬高市场价格,影响产品的整体市场需求,导致总体利润降低,且在特定策略下回收率水平较低时会引起渠道冲突.设计的批发价格与收益共享契约组合的改进契约实现了双渠道供应链的协调,并使得开辟电子渠道后供应链各成员利润达到帕累托改进,从而有效解决了渠道冲突问题.  相似文献   

3.
基于随机需求和顾客退货的供应链协调机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了加强供应链成员之间的合作关系,构建了与价格及销售努力相关的随机需求下具有顾客退货的单一供应商、单一零售商供应链模型.根据集中决策模式得到供应链协调的一阶必要条件,设计了一种基于回馈与惩罚策略的差别回购契约,论证了该契约可以协调存在顾客退货供应链,使供应商和零售商实现共赢.研究表明:在给定回馈惩罚因子的情况下,供应商可以通过调整销售目标来任意分割整条供应链的利润,且销售目标满足一定范围内供应链的协调才有效.最后通过数值算例验证了上述结论,并分析了顾客退货率对于零售商相关决策变量及供应链总利润的影响.  相似文献   

4.
在碳税政策下,针对制造商直销渠道和零售商传统渠道的产品销售价格存在差异及消费者低碳偏好,通过构建双渠道供应链碳减排技术创新投入博弈模型,研究零售商订货与制造商碳减排技术创新投入的决策问题.研究结果表明:通过两部定价契约和转移支付补偿契约可以实现双渠道供应链系统的协调.与制造商单独碳减排技术创新投入情形相比较,碳减排技术创新投入成本分担情形下双渠道销售总量、碳减排率更高.双渠道供应链系统利润的大小取决于零售商分担碳减排技术创新投入比例的大小;双渠道销售总量、碳减排率、制造商利润和双渠道供应链利润随着碳税增加而增加,而零售商利润随之降低;碳减排率和双渠道销售总量随着渠道竞争强度的增加而降低,制造商利润、零售商利润以及双渠道供应链利润随着渠道竞争强度的增加则先降后增;双渠道销售总量、碳减排率、制造商利润和双渠道供应链利润随着消费者低碳偏好的增加而增加,而零售商利润则随之先降后增.  相似文献   

5.
针对季节性商品双渠道供应链中零售商谎报销售成本的现象,研究季节性商品两级双渠道供应链的契约协调问题。考虑季节性商品短生命周期的特点,基于报童模型建立集中决策与分散决策下零售和直销双渠道供应链利润模型,求解对比分散决策和集中决策下季节性商品双渠道供应链的利润。为了优化分散决策下季节性商品双渠道供应链的性能,构建批发价和回购联合契约协调零售商谎报销售成本信息不对称的供应链。研究结果表明:在联合契约下制造商和零售商的利润均是增加的,验证了模型和联合契约协调的有效性。  相似文献   

6.
考虑在低碳需求的前提下,构建由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的供应链系统,通过在需求函数中引入低碳水平参数,并采用Stackelberg博弈,构建了由制造商占主导地位的双渠道销售低碳产品的决策分析模型.分析了集中式与分散式双渠道低碳供应链模型的定价和低碳策略,并利用两阶段优化技术得到了供应链的最优定价策略和低碳水平.研究表明,低碳水平的高低直接影响渠道需求以及制造商和零售商的定价策略;制造商和零售商的最优定价策略和低碳水平又受到顾客对零售渠道的偏好程度的影响.  相似文献   

7.
考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的易逝品供应链,在销售努力水平及退货价格与需求及退货具有相关性的前提下,建立了易逝品供应链的弹性数量契约模型,指出单纯的弹性数量契约无法实现供应链协调,而基于回馈与惩罚契约策略下的弹性数量契约能够实现供应链协调,并给出了供应链协调下的模型优化方法;最后,以数值实例计算了易逝品供应链协调下的最优销售努力水平、最优退货价格和最优订购量,并分析了各种参数的变动对最优退货价格、最优销售努力、最优订购量和集成式供应链最优利润的影响.  相似文献   

8.
考虑由单一零售商和受资金约束的单一制造商组成的双渠道供应链,在引入带有价格折扣因子的零售商提前付款融资模式时,如何实现协调的问题.在制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈下,研究了制造商和零售商之间的库存协调问题,并建立了使得双渠道供应链实现协调的收入共享契约模型.给出了供应链协调时契约参数满足的表达式,并分析了价格折扣因子、初始资金对供应链及其成员的影响.最后,通过算例验证了契约对双渠道供应链协调的有效性及相关参数的作用.  相似文献   

9.
研究由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链系统当突发事件发生时制造商和零售商之间的竞争和协调问题.通过求解优化问题的Karush-Kuhn-Tucker条件,分别给出正常情况下和突发事件发生导致需求变动时一体化双渠道供应链系统的最优定价和生产决策,并提出改进的数量折扣契约以协调突发事件发生时分散式双渠道供应链系统.结果表明需求扰动的大小和消费者对电子渠道的接受程度对双渠道供应链系统的定价、生产决策和协调契约有着重要影响,另外需求扰动量的变化幅度越大,采取应对措施前后的利润差异越大.最后通过数值分析验证了模型的有效性.  相似文献   

10.
需求突变情况下的双渠道供应链协调   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究了在直销和通过零售商的传统销售渠道共存的物流服务模式下,一个生产商和一个零售商的协调关系.以最大化供应商的总利润为目标,在假定需求是价格的线性函数的前提下,研究传统供应链需求突变对整个供应链的影响,以及如何通过改变直销链的价格策略来影响供应链的需求,从而实现整个供应网络的供需协调,并为生产商提供了需求突变下的解决方案.最后对契约模型进行了数值仿真分析,给出了契约的选择及参数的求解方法.研究结果表明,在突变程度和成本满足一定的关系时,生产商可以利用直销链来应对零售商需求订单的突变,反之,生产商会选择与零售商改变契约,来共同应对需求突变.  相似文献   

11.
Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.  相似文献   

12.
何延凌 《科技信息》2008,(4):258-258
Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women's language from these perspectives: pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women's language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What's more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.  相似文献   

13.
王慧 《科技信息》2008,(10):240-240
Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte's only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.  相似文献   

14.
The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.  相似文献   

15.
理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。  相似文献   

16.
As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.  相似文献   

17.
正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-  相似文献   

18.
We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-  相似文献   

19.
正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that  相似文献   

20.
<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with  相似文献   

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