Eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands in Huang-Huai-Hai Area, China

Based on the related literature and the analysis of the relationship between wetland ecosystem and hydroperiod, the estimating and classifying methods of eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands are established. The data collected from Huang-Huai-Hai Area are from the electronic map (1∶250000) of China National Topographical Database of 1997 and the historical statistics since the 1980s.The results indicate that the minimum eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands is 16.98×109 m3 and the optimal one is 38.38×109 m3 in the studied area. For the five wetland nature reserves covered in the area, the values are 1.47×109 m3 and 3.31×109 m3 respectively. The comparisons of the mentioned minimum water requirement with the status water use, which is 17.05×109 m3 for wetland ecosystem (1997 as the status year), suggest that the water use has not met the minimum eco-environmental water requirement in the Haihe and Huanghe Basins of the studied area. However, the status water use guarantees and exceeds the minimum eco-environmental water requirement in the Shandong Peninsula and the Huaihe Basin. Based on the eco-environmental programming and water resource planning of the studied area, the study establishes the water requirement of the year of 2010, 2030, 2050, when the eco-environmental water requirement for wetlands is 18.30×109 m3, 21.64×109 m3 and 26.76×109 m3, respectively.     

Dispersion characteristics of fine particles in water, ethanol and kerosene

Dispersion behavior of hydrophilic calcium carbonate particles and hydrophobic talcum particles in water, ethanol and kerosene media has been studied by sedimentation analysis. It is found that the dispersion of fine particles complies with the principle of polarity compatibility. That is to say, the dispersion effect will be improved when surface polarity of particles is similar to that of liquid media. The adsorption modets of oleic acid on the surface of particles in water and ethanol are proposed.     

Detection of methane plumes in the water column of Logatchev hydrothermal vent field,Mid-Atlantic Ridge

During DY105-17 cruise onboard the R/V "Da Yang Yi Hao" in 2005,methane concentrations in the wa-ter column above Logachev hydrothermal vent field were measured by applying stripping/trapping-gas chromatographic (GC) and the distinct methane plumes were detected. Results show that the back-ground methane concentration within the Logachev area is from 1.05 nmol/L to 1.68 nmol/L,signifi-cantly higher than the background level of the Atlantic abyssal plain of 0.4―0.5 nmol/L,suggesting that hydrothermal venting is a major source of dissolved methane to the ocean. The highest anomalies of methane concentrations in the water column range from 7.14 nmol/L to 113.9 nmol/L and occur just at 180―500 m above the seafloor. The distribution of methane concentration and the structural charac-teristics of hydrothermal plumes are strongly influenced by the supply of underlying hydrothermal fluids,the mixing process of ocean bottom currents and the microbial oxidation. Furthermore,the dif-ferences in distribution of methane plume between the station MAR-CTD3 and the other stations indi-cate a probable unknown hydrothermal vent site nearby. There occurs high concentration of methane along with temperature and nephelometry anomalies,which strongly confirms that the subtle meas-urement of methane concentration in water column is one of the effective ways to locate active sites of hydrothermal venting.     

Detection of methane plumes in the water column of Losatchev hydrothermal vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridse

During DY105-17 cruise onboard the PJV ＂Da Yang Yi Hao＂ in 2005, methane concentrations in the water column above Logachev hydrothermal vent field were measured by applying stripping/trapping-gas chromatographic （GC） and the distinct methane plumes were detected. Results show that the background methane concentration within the Logachev area is from 1.05 nmol/L to 1.68 nmol/L, significantly higher than the background level of the Atlantic abyssal plain of 0.4-0.5 nmol/L, suggesting that hydrothermal venting is a major source of dissolved methane to the ocean. The highest anomalies of methane concentrations in the water column range from 7.14 nmol/L to 113.9 nmol/L and occur just at 180-500 m above the seafloor. The distribution of methane concentration and the structural characteristics of hydrothermal plumes are strongly influenced by the supply of underlying hydrothermal fluids, the mixing process of ocean bottom currents and the microbial oxidation. Furthermore, the differences in distribution of methane plume between the station MAR-CTD3 and the other stations indicate a probable unknown hydrothermal vent site nearby. There occurs high concentration of methane along with temperature and nephelometry anomalies, which strongly confirms that the subtle measurement of methane concentration in water column is one of the effective ways to locate active sites of hydrothermal venting.     

Significance and dynamics of drip water responding to rainfall in four caves of Guizhou, China

In rainy season, NaCI is adopted to trace sources of cave drip water, time scales of drip water responding to precipitation, and processes of water dynamics in four caves of Pearl watershed in Guizhou, China (Liangfeng cave in Libo, Qixing cave in Duyun, Jiangjun cave in Anshun and Xiniu cave in Zhenning). Because of the variety of karst cave surroundings, interconnections of water transporting ways, water dynamics processes etc., time scales of drip-water in four caves responding to rainfall is 0——40 d. According to the characteristics of water transport in cave roof, pathways of water movement, types of water head etc., drip water of four caves can be divided into five hydrodynamics types. The differences of time scales, and ways of water-soil and water-rock interaction during water transporting in cave roof make it difficult to correctly measure speleothem record and trace material sources. In addition, there exist great differences in water dynamic conditions among the four caves. So the interpretation of the paleoenvironment records of speleothem must be supported by the understanding of hydrodynamics conditions of different drip sites. Based on the data got from drip sites in four caves, drip conductivity accords with precipitation, which indicates that element contents in speleothem formed by drip water record the change of karst paleoenvironment. But results of multi-points study are needed to guarantee the correctness of interpretation.     

Generalized shallow water wave方程的精确行波解

借助Maple软件、吴方法及改进的齐次平衡法．研究了Generalized shallow water wave方程，得到新的孤波解和周期解．这种方法也适合研究其它的非线性演化方程。     

Detection of water in petroleum inclusions and its implications

As water phase is rarely observed in petroleum in- clusions under microscope, and a little geologic and geochemical evidence responsible for whether water exists in petroleum inclusions or not is present, there is a dispute in the past two decades: water …     

Dieldrin and endrin removal from water by triolein-embedded adsorbent

A novel triolein-embedded adsorbent for removal of persistent organic pollutants （POPs） from water was developed. In this paper, taking dieldrin and endrin as the target pollutants, different factors （temperature, ion strength, pH, and concentration of humic acid） that affect the adsorption rate were investigated. Adsorption isotherms of these two pollutants fitted to Freundlich model well identified the partition mechanism between the adsorbent and water. However, the equilibrium constant of dieldrin was larger than that of endrin due to larger octanoi-water coefficient of dieldrin. Adsorption rate of dieldrin increased with the increase of temperature, the decrease of ion strength, pH and concentration of humic acid, whereas adsorption rate of endrin decreased with the increase of temperature and pH. Humic acid firstly increased, and then decreased the adsorption rate of endrin. Ion strength hardly affected the adsorption rate of endrin.     

Water Behaviour: glass transition in hyperquenched water?

It has been unclear whether amorphous glassy water heated to around 140-150 K remains glassy until it crystallizes or whether instead it turns into a supercooled and very viscous liquid. Yue and Angell compare the behaviour of glassy water under these conditions to that of hyperquenched inorganic glasses, and claim that water stays glassy as it heats up to its crystallization point; they also find a 'hidden' glass-to-liquid transition at about 169 K. Here we use differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating to show that hyperquenched water deposited at 140 K behaves as an ultraviscous liquid, the limiting structure of which depends on the cooling rate--as predicted by theoretical analysis of the liquid-to-glass transition. Our findings are consistent with a glass-to-liquid transition-onset temperature (T(g)) in the region of 136 K (refs 3,4), and they indicate that measurements of the liquid's properties may clarify the anomalous properties of supercooled water.     

Effect of HGF on cerebral water content, activity of MPO, TNF-α and IL-10 in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

目的:观察HGF对脑缺血/再灌注(L/R)大鼠脑含水量、MPO活性及TNF-α、IL-10的影响.方法:SD大鼠随机分为5组:对照组;脑L/R组;实验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,分别用质量分数为15、30、60 μg/kg HGF处理.线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型,缺血1.5h再灌注24h后,测定脑含水量、MPO活性,检测TNF-α、IL-10含量及mRNA水平的表达.结果:I/R大鼠脑含水量增加,MPO活性升高,TNF-α、IL-10含量及mRNA表达上升.不同质量分数HGF处理均能减少I/R大鼠脑含水量,降低MPO活性,下调TNF-α含量和mRNA水平,上调IL-10含量及mRNA表达.结论:促进抗炎症因子IL-10的表达、抑制促炎症因子TNF-α的表达可能是HGF减轻缺血性脑损伤炎症反应的机制之一.     

Synthesis,characterization, and property test of crystalline polyferric sulfate adsorbent used in treatment of contaminated water with a high As(Ⅲ) content

A crystalline polyferric sulfate(PFS) adsorbent was synthesized by oxidizing and precipitating ferrous ions in air atmospheric conditions. The morphology, structure, specific surface area(SSA), and adsorptive efficacy of the adsorbent to As(Ⅲ) were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images, X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns, Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectra, BET SSA analyses, and adsorption experiments. The adsorbent showed a near-spherical aggregate structure and had good crystallinity. A significant amount of α-goethite co-precipitated with PFS in the case of the initial ferrous concentration of 1 mol/L and increased SSA of the adsorbent. The stability region of ferric compounds in the process was drawn and applied to analyze the iron behavior during the synthesis. The adsorption of As(Ⅲ) in high As(Ⅲ)-containing solutions fitted the Langmuir isotherm model adequately. The absorbent with co-precipitation of α-goethite showed good adsorbability for As(Ⅲ) and good filtering performance in the high As(Ⅲ)-containing solution of 10–100 mg/L under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions(pH 2.09–9.01). After the adsorption process, the stability of the residues bearing As(Ⅲ) was evaluated by toxic characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP) tests. The results indicated that the residues were extremely stable, and the concentrations of arsenic in the leaching solutions were less than 0.01 mg/L.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Primary investisation of the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in water and soil of Xuanwei and Fuyuan,Yunnan Province,China

Lung cancer incidence in Xuanwei and Fuyuan is extremely high. The air pollution, especially indoor airborne PAHs generated by burning smoky coals, has been considered as the most probable reason. The air pollution may affect drinking water and soil through dry and wet deposition. In this study, the concentrations of PAHs in water and soil samples from Xuanwei and Fuyuan were monitored to investigate the influence of atmospheric PAHs pollution on water and soil. No obvious PAHs pollution in water was found in these two areas, indicating that airborne PAHs have no apparent effect on the drinking water （well water）. The smoky coal combustion from household and industry, such as the activities related to power plants, coking plants and chemical industries, is responsible for the soil PAHs pollution in these two areas. The soil pollution might be the reemission source and would pose long-term threat to the local environment and health of residents.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica ofiv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Effects of electrolysis on Microcystis aeruginosa in water

Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae) is of concern in relation to drinking water because of its ability to produce toxins and odors that can significantly impair water quality. The drinking water contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria could cause the death of the domestic and wild animals and the cases of human illness. To minimize the threat, the treatment of eutrophicated water containing algae (M.aeroginosa) was conducted via electrochemical oxidation process, with titanium based anode coated with RuO₂ in this study. The research showed that the electrochemical oxidation process was effective in inhibiting the growth of the algae such as M.aeruginosa. The electrolysis parameters such as: electrolysis time, current density, and electrodes distance were analyzed by the orthogonal collocation method. The results showed the electrolysis time was the dominant factor for the inhibition of the algal growth. The optimal operating conditions were: current density of 10 mA/cm² and the electrodes distance of 6 cm. The inhibitive efficiency was 92.64% with the electrolysis time of 40 minutes. The preliminary mechanism of this process was also explored and proposed in this paper.     

The coordinated development of China’s inland water transport

The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development, and the hot issue of international research.SInland water transport (IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensive transport system under socio-economic context of river basin,and also the country’s sustainable development priorities to achieve resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategy.SThis paper is based on the coordinated development content, combined Germany"s successful development experience, explored the elements and the problem of the coordinated development of IWT system of China’s national economic strategy and basin economy, water resourse system, comprehensive transport system, and system itself, and their countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate rapid and coordinated development of China"s inland water transport.S     

Slime coating of kaolinite on chalcopyrite in saline water flotation

In saline water flotation, the salinity can cause a distinguishable slime coating of clay minerals on chalcopyrite particles through its effect on their electrical double layers in aqueous solutions. In this work, kaolinite was used as a representative clay mineral for studying slime coating during chalcopyrite flotation. The flotation of chalcopyrite in the presence and absence of kaolinite in tap water, seawater, and gypsum-saturated water and the stability of chalcopyrite and kaolinite particles in slurries are presented. Zeta-potential distributions and scanning electron microscopy images were used to characterize and explain the different slime coating degrees and the different flotation performances. Kaolinite particles induced slime coating on chalcopyrite surfaces and reduced chalcopyrite floatability to the greatest extent when the pH value was in the alkaline range. At 0.24wt% of kaolinite, the chalcopyrite floatability was depressed by more than 10% at alkaline pH levels in tap water. Salinity in seawater and gypsum-saturated water compressed the electrical double layers and resulted in extensive slime coating.     

Experimental investigation on flow characteristics of deionized water in microtubes

The flow characteristics of deionized water in microtubes with diameters ranging from 2 to 30 μm are investigated. The experimental results show that the flow characteristics in microtubes with diameters of 16 μm and larger ones are in agreement with the classical theory. However, as the diameters are de-creased to 5 and 2 μm, the nonlinear flow characteristics prevail and the results indicate significant departure of flow characteristics from the predictions of the conventional theory, and the smaller the diameters, the larger the departure. As the Reynolds number increases, the degree of nonlinear flow characteristics decrease gradually and the experimental results are approximately equal to the theo-retical expectation. The minimum Reynolds number in this study is only 2.46×10~(-5).