CO2减排新途径--土壤中CO2固定的试验研究

采用土柱淋溶模拟试验,研究长效碳铵及普通碳铵在土壤中的分解特性,以考察长效碳铵固碳的实际可能性.试验表明:在施用长效碳铵和普通碳铵后的1个星期左右,两者在土壤中的HCO-3,CO2-3离子质量浓度基本相同,且主要集中在土壤表层.2个星期后,施用长效碳铵的土壤中HCO-3,CO2-3离子质量浓度都明显高于相应的普通碳铵.结果可知在土壤固碳方面长效碳铵要优于普通碳铵.     

CeO2上CO和CO2吸附表面体的红外光谱研究

应用红外光谱技术研究了CO,CO_2等在氧化态和还原态CeO_2上表面吸附体的形成及反应,归属了所观察到的红外吸收带,证实在表面上存在HCO_3~-,HCOO~-,及两种不同键合方式的CO_3~(2-)等表面物种。观察到HCO_3~-有两种存在形式,一种在较高的温度下稳定,一种在较低温度下稳定。在不同温度下HCOO~-、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-三种表面物种之间可相互转化,在氧化态样品上,CO最终氧化生成CO_2气体。     

磁场处理水溶液过程中的化学反应(一)

本文用紫外分光光度法研究磁处理水过程中杂质与水发生的化学反应。实验证明,与对照样比较,磁处理后的水溶液在200nm或220nm附近出现特征吸收峰,它和HCO_3~-或CO_3~(2-)的特征峰相当。说明水经过磁处理后发生下列物质的反应动力学变化:H_2O+CO_2(?)H~++HCO_3~-;HCO_3~-(?)H~++CO_3~(2-)。以上可以解释为什么磁处理水能防止锅炉结垢。     

HCO_3~-与Ba~(2+)反应形成Ba(HCO_3)_2吗?

鉴于CaCO_3能与CO_2及水反应生成澄清的Ca(HCO_3)_2溶液,化学方程式为: CaCO_3+CO_2+H_2O==Ca(HCO_3)_2有些参考书和一些师生就认为:Ba~(2+)与HCO_3~-能形成类似Ca(HCO_3)_2的Ba(HCO_3)_2溶液,因而可用BaCl_2溶液鉴别CO_3~2离子和HCO_3~-离子(分别生成BaCO_3沉淀和Ba(HCO_3)_2溶液。但是HCO_3~-与Ba~(2+)能形成Ba(HCO_3)_2吗?本文分别从实验上和理论计算上进行探讨。     

利用包裹体评价石英脉的含金性

以湘西金矿外围(东部)脉石英为例,研究了包裹体的气、液相成分特点,提出包裹体中的CO_2,HCO_3~-,CO_2/H_2O,HCO_3/Cl~-离子总浓度(ΣI)可作为评价石英脉含金性的标志,并总结出石英脉含金性评价的矿物学特性,预测了外围四个工作小区的成矿远景。     

天津大黄堡沼泽湿地土壤盐渍化特征及其对长期开垦的响应

为了研究开垦对沼泽湿地中土壤盐渍化特征的影响,以天津大黄堡沼泽湿地为研究对象,分析土壤剖面盐渍化特征及其对长期农业开垦的响应.土壤剖面分7层采样:0～5、5～10、10～20、20～30、30～50、50～70、70～100 cm,测定土壤的酸碱度、电导率、阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-)含量、阳离子(Na~+、K+、Ca2+、Mg~(2+))含量、土壤水溶性盐分总量等指标.结果表明:沼泽湿地各层土壤均为微碱性土壤,且pH值随着土层深度的增加而增加;电导率和含盐量均为在0～5 cm土层最高,在下层土壤没有显著波动;在盐渍化分类上,0～10 cm土层为硫酸盐型,10～100 cm土层为氯化物-硫酸盐型和硫酸盐-氯化物型;土壤盐分离子以Na~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)为主.长期农业开垦后,土壤pH值显著增加,尤其是在表层;浅层土壤(0～50 cm)的电导率和含盐量没有显著变化,而深层土壤(50～100 cm)的电导率和含盐量显著降低;土壤盐渍化类型主要为氯化物-硫酸盐型和硫酸盐-氯化物型;土壤阴阳离子组成发生改变,0～30 cm土层的Cl~-比例增加,而SO_4~(2-)比例降低,10～100 cm土层CO_3~(2-)比例增加;70～100 cm土层的K+比例显著增加.长期开垦显著影响了盐分离子间的相关性,特别是增加了Cl~-与Na~+和HCO_3~-的相关性,降低了Cl~-与Mg~(2+)、K+、Ca2+、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)的相关性,表明Cl~-与Na~+迁移性相似,Mg~(2+)、K+、Ca2+和SO_4~(2-)迁移性相似.长期开垦降低了20～100 cm土层的钠吸附比和碱化度,但增加了50～100 cm土层残余碳酸钠的含量.总的来看,开垦降低了沼泽湿地土壤的盐渍化程度,特别是钠的危害.     

CO2-水-方解石相互作用后岩石表观形貌及渗透率变化特征

将CO_2注入地下油藏用于驱替原油是减少温室气体的排放及提高原油采收率的一种有效方法。CO_2注入地层后会与地层流体和岩石发生反应,其中岩石组成中的碳酸盐矿物极易与CO_2和水发生反应导致储层岩石物性发生改变。论文以方解石为代表样品,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),电诱导双等离子体原子排放光谱测定仪(ICP-AES),扫描电镜(SEM)及在5 MPa压力下填砂模型的试验方法进行评价,分别考察了方解石的矿物学性质、CO_2-水-方解石反应前后方解石的表面物性、反应前后溶液的离子浓度变化及方解石填砂模型与CO_2、水反应后渗透率的变化。实验结果表明,与CO_2和水反应后,方解石出现溶蚀现象;反应压力增加,方解石溶蚀现象增加,反应后溶液中Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度增加;反应温度增加,方解石溶蚀现象增加,反应后溶液中Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度先增加,后降低;与CO_2和水反应后的方解石/石英砂填砂模型水测渗透率增加。     

一种含有2-吡啶基噻吩的噻唑小分子的合成及其对HSO3–的识别

以1-乙基碘化-2-甲基苯并噻唑为原料,合成了一种新的噻唑衍生物(化合物1),并通过~1H NMR和MS谱表征了其结构.以检测水溶液中HSO_3~-为目的,利用紫外-可见光谱研究了Cl~-,Br~-,NO_3~-,H_2PO_4~-,CO_3~(2-),HCO_3~-,ClO_4~-,SO_4~(2-),Ac~-,HS~-,HSO_3~-等常见阴离子对化合物1光谱的影响.结果表明:化合物1识别HSO_3~-,响应时间快、检测限低(0.21μmol·L~(-1));化合物1也能识别HS~-,其检测限为2.5μmol·L~(-1),但需较长的反应时间.因此,在短时间、低浓度下,HS~-对HSO_3~-的识别无明显干扰,此新的噻唑衍生物可用于快速选择性检测HSO_3~-.     

加压下热钾碱溶液吸收二氧化碳的研究

加压下采用纯二氧化碳气体在压力釜中测定了含碳酸钾26.5(重)%的热碱溶液吸收二氧化碳的速率。实验结果表明,80℃下,压力大于2kg/cm~2(表压),吸收速率系数随压力提高而下降,此时,热碱吸收二氧化碳不符合假一级反应模型。测得的吸收速率以近似解整理,结果是满意的。获得的表观反应速度常数k_(OH)与温度T和溶液的转化度f_C的关联式为lnk_(OH)=23.49-(7396/RT) 3.924×f_C 而液相HCO_3~-(或CO_3~(2-))扩散系数与CO_2扩散系数的相对因子D_C与温度、转化度及CO_2分压差△P的关联式为D_C=exp((2499/T)-8.339 2.039×f_C)×((1 0.2△P)/(1 0.2△P_o))     

背斜构造区岩溶槽谷水文系统的离子特征与水-岩反应研究

采取了19组典型的背斜构造区岩溶槽谷水文系统的水样基于水文地球化学基础理论,采用主成分分析、相关性分析和离子比例系数分析方法,对区域内的离子特征和水-岩反应进行研究。结果表明,水体中的阳离子相对丰度Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+K~+,其中Ca~(2+)为优势离子均值为101.64 mg·L~(-1);阴离子相对丰度HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-NO_3~-,其中HCO_3~-为优势离子均值为237.62 mg·L~(-1)。提取特征根大于1的两个主成分(FACl和FAC2),与FACl密切相关的是Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Mg~(2+)、Na~+,FACl贡献率达49.681%,反映的是水-岩作用,说明水-岩作用是区域水体离子的控制性因素,以方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石[CaMg(CO_3)_2]为主的碳酸盐矿物,石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)、硬石膏(CaSO_4)等硫酸盐矿物以及蒸发岩的水-岩作用是区域水体离子的主要来源。与FAC2密切相关的是NO_3~-、K~+、FAC2贡献率为21.320%,反映的是人类作用,说明人类活动对区域内水体离子具有一定影响。另外,K~+对FACl、FAC2载荷分别为0.430、0.776,说明K~+来源相对较为复杂,水-岩作用与人类作用对钾离子均有一定的贡献。     

Passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions

The passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions was investigated using potentiodynamic, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS), and Mott-Schottky measurements. The results show that the shape of polarization curves changes with HCO₃⁻ concentration. The critical ‘passive’ concentration is 0.009 mol/L HCO₃⁻ for X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions. No anodic current peak exists in HCO^3/− solutions when the concentration is lower than 0.009 mol/L, whereas there are one and two anodic current peaks when the HCO^3/− concentration ranges from 0.009 to 0.05 mol/L and is higher than 0.1 mol/L, respectively. DEIS measurements show that there exist active dissolution range, transition range, pre-passive range, passive layer formation range, passive range, and trans-passive range for X80 pipeline steel in the 0.1 mol/L HCO₃⁻ solutions. The results of DEIS measurements are in complete agreement with the potentiodynamic diagram. An equivalent circuit containing three sub-layers is used to explain the Nyquist plots in the passive range. Analyses are well made for explaining the corresponding fitted capacitance and impedance. The Mott-Schottky plots show that the passive film of X80 pipeline steel is an n-type semiconductor, and capacitance measurements are in good accordance with the results of DEIS experiment.     

硫酸铵和硫酸钠溶液侵蚀下水泥土力学性质试验研究

为研究硫酸铵和硫酸钠溶液侵蚀下水泥土的力学性质,将制备的水泥土试块置于不同浓度的硫酸铵和硫酸钠溶液中进行长期(150 d)浸泡,通过无侧限抗压强度试验,得到无侧限抗压强度随侵蚀溶液浓度和侵蚀时间的变化规律,分析硫酸铵和硫酸钠溶液侵蚀对水泥土力学性质的影响。研究结果表明:硫酸铵和硫酸钠溶液对水泥土均具有侵蚀作用,浓度越大,侵蚀越显著;浸泡时间越久,侵蚀越明显;在侵蚀早期,硫酸钠浓度在一定范围内对水泥土的抗压强度增长有利,在短期内硫酸钠溶液可以提高水泥土试块无侧限抗压强度;在相同SO_4~(2-)浓度下,硫酸铵溶液侵蚀下的水泥土抗压强度要低于硫酸钠溶液侵蚀下的抗压强度,铵盐会对水泥土的力学性质产生影响;硫酸盐对水泥土的侵蚀作用要远大于铵盐对水泥土侵蚀作用。     

Variation of δ13C in karst soil in Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin

This study deals with δ₁₃ C variation in karst soil system of Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin, a typical region of humid subtropical karst formations. Samples of near ground air, plant tissue, soil and water (soil solution and karst spring) were respectively collected on site in different seasons during 1996–1999. Considerable variation of δ₁₃ C values are not only found with different carbon pools of soil organic carbon, soil air CO₂ and soil water HCO₃⁻, but also with the soil depths and with different seasons during a year. The °₁₃ C values of CO₂ both of near ground air and soil air are lower in July than those in April by 1‰–4‰ PDB. Our results indicate that the δ₁₃ C values of carbon in the water and air are essentially dependent on interface carbon interaction of air-plant—soil-rock—water governed by soil organic carbon and soil CO₂ in the system.     

贵州威宁草海地区地下水化学特征与控制因素研究

运用数理统计、Piper图、Surfer软件对研究区地下水化学特征分析。结果表明:地下水化学组分以Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-为主,其次为Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-),TDS均值为519.34 mg·L~(-1),各离子含量由孟家山断层与威水背斜中间地带向两侧逐渐递减。运用Gibbs图、离子比例系数、相关性分析对研究区地下水化学的控制因素研究。结果表明:地下水化学离子组成受蒸发-浓缩作用和大气降水作用影响小,岩石的风化溶滤作用是水化学离子的控制性因素。以方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石[CaMg(CO_3)_2]为主的碳酸盐矿物、石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)等硫酸盐矿物以及盐岩的风化溶滤是区域地下水离子的主要来源,其中以方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石[CaMg(CO_3)_2]等碳酸盐矿物的风化溶滤作用最强。     

尿素、碳酸氢铵/添加剂同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

在鼓泡反应装置上进行了尿素、碳酸氢铵/三乙醇胺溶液同时脱硫脱硝的试验研究,比较尿素和碳酸氢铵的脱硫脱硝性能,试验分别对液位、吸收剂组成以及SO2体积分数等参数对脱硝效率的影响规律进行了研究.结果表明:液位、吸收液中尿素/碳酸氢铵的比例及SO2入口浓度对NOx的脱除效率均有重要的影响,液位在459 mm时2种吸收液的脱硝...     

UV/H2O2作用下冰中苯酚的光转化及其与羟基自由基的关系

在UV和H₂O₂作用下考察pH值、 光强、 H₂O₂初始浓度和无机离子等对冰中苯酚光解的影响, 并利用二甲基亚砜（DMSO）捕获体系中生成的
羟基自由基（·OH）研究·OH对冰中苯酚光解的影响. 实验结果表明: H₂O₂可显著促进冰中产生·OH及苯酚光解; 改变光强、 pH值和H₂O₂的初始浓度, 苯酚的光解率随体系中·OH浓度的增加而增大; 加入NO^-₂和NO^-₃可抑制体系中产生·OH及苯酚光解; 加入SO^2-₄不影响体系中·OH的产生及苯酚光解; 加入CO^2-₃和HCO^-₃可抑制体系中产生·OH, 但对苯酚光解影响较小, 这是由于体系中产生了其他自由基所致.     

Effect of Cl- on photosynthetic bicarbonate uptake in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803

Photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization was investigated in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803 grown in standing culture. Photosynthetic rates for the two algae reached about 10 times the theoretical CO₂ supply rate at low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of 100 μmol/L, and the rates were unaffected by the addition of 20 mmol/L Na⁺, indicating that the two algae possessed Na+-independent HCO^-₃ utilization for photosynthesis under low DIC. Their photo- synthetic rates at low DIC were inhibited by higher Cl^- and the degrees of inhibition were increased with the rise of CI^- concentration, and in the presence of Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), a reported Cl^- channel inhibitor, the rates decreased by 74%－82%, implying that putative DPC-sensitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO₃^- uptake for photosynthesis. The experiment of intracellular 14C-DIC accumulation for photosynthesis showed that internal DIC pools decreased by about 80% with 200 μmol/L DPC and by 64%－70% with 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The experiment of chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching showed that initial rates and extents of fluorescence quenching obviously decreased with 200 μmol/L DPC or 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The two experiments gave further evidence that putative DPC-sen- sitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO^-₃ uptake for photosynthesis in the two algae grown in standing culture.     

Stress corrosion cracking of X80 pipeline steel exposed to high pH solutions with different concentrations of bicarbonate

Susceptibilities to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in high pH solutions with various concentrations of HCO₃? at a passive potential of ?0.2 V vs. SCE were investigated by slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test. The SCC mechanism and the effect of HCO₃? were discussed with the aid of electrochemical techniques. It is indicated that X80 steel shows enhanced susceptibility to SCC with the concentration of HCO₃? increasing from 0.15 to 1.00 mol/L, and the susceptibility can be evaluated in terms of current density at ?0.2 V vs. SCE. The SCC behavior is controlled by the dissolution-based mechanism in these circumstances. Increasing the concentration of HCO₃? not only increases the risk of rupture of passive films but also promotes the anodic dissolution of crack tips. Besides, little susceptibility to SCC is found in dilute solution containing 0.05 mol/L HCO₃? for X80 steel. This can be attributed to the inhibited repassivation of passive films, manifesting as a more intensive dissolution in the non-crack tip areas than at the crack tips.     

广东韩江流域化学风化作用及大气CO2消耗的分析

岩石的风化作用与碳循环有着极为密切的联系。韩江流域处于湿热地区,是广东省除珠江流域以外的第二大流域。对韩江水系进行了系统采样、测试分析显示,河水水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,其次是SO24-和Na+。Gibbs图分析表明,韩江流域河水离子成分主要来源于岩石的风化释放;相关分析和因子分析则表明,蒸发盐岩、碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩风化过程对河水离子的贡献率分别为33.4%、27.7%和为10.5%。大气中的CO2通过参与岩石的化学风化过程对河水中溶解质的贡献率为20.2%。韩江流域河水中HCO3-有50.2%来自大气CO2,由此估算韩江流域岩石化学风化对大气CO2的消耗量为73.33×108mol/a。在主要支流中,由大到小的顺序是汀江、石窟河、宁江、五华河和梅潭河,分别为28.08×108,13.26×108,10.22×108,5.17×108和2.90×108mol/a。韩江流域岩石化学风化对大气CO2的消耗率为252.2×103mol/(km2·a)。各主要支流中岩石化学风化对大气CO2消耗率最高的是宁江,为718.55×103mol/(km2·a),其次是石窟河360.14×103mol/(km2·a),再依次递减的是五华河282.04×103 mol/(km2·a),汀江237.73×103 mol/(km2·a),梅潭河181.18×103mol/(km2·a);韩江流域的平均化学风化率为54.11 t/(km2·a),各主要支流由高到低依次为,宁江最高140.5 t/(km2·a),石窟河71.2 t/(km2·a),汀江52.39 t/(km2·a),五华河51.02 t/(km2·a),梅潭河38.04 t/(km2·a)。     

Carbon isotopic composition,turnover and origins of soil CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in a monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reservoir,South China

Carbon isotopic compositions of soil CO2 in rainy season (July) from two natural soil profiles (DHLS & DHS) in the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reservoir (DBR), South China, are presented. Turnover and origins of soil CO₂ are preliminarily discussed in this paper. Results show that the content of soil CO2 varies between 6120 and 18718 ppmv, and increases with increasing depth until 75 cm, and then it declines. In DHLS, soil CO₂ δ¹³C ranges from −24.71‰ to −24.03‰, showing a significant inverse correlation (R²＝0.91) with the soil CO₂ content in the same layer. According to a model related to soil CO₂ δ¹³C, the soil CO₂ is mainly derived from the root respiration (>80%) in DHLS. While in DHS, where soil CO₂ ? 13C ranges from −25.19‰ to −22.82‰, soil CO₂ is primarily originated from the decomposition of organic matter (51%–94%), excluding the surface layer (20 cm, 90%). Radiocarbon data suggest that the carbon in soil CO₂ is modern carbon in both DHLS and DHS. Differences in ¹⁴C ages between the “oldest” and “youngest” soil CO₂ in DHLS and DHS are 8 months and 14 months, respectively, indicating that soil CO₂ in DHLS has a faster turnover rate than that in DHS. The ¹⁴C values of soil CO₂, which range between 100.0‰ and 107.2‰ and between 102.5‰ and 112.1‰ in DHLS and DHS, respectively, are obviously higher than those of current atmospheric CO₂ and SOC in the same layer, suggesting that soil CO₂ is likely an important reservoir for Bomb-¹⁴C in the atmosphere.