碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏产水机理及控水措施研究

塔河油田4区奥陶系油藏是典型的复杂碳酸盐岩油藏。油藏开发进入高含水之后,油井产液量急剧降低,油井出水问题已经成为该油田开发的突出问题,严重制约着油田采收率。以塔河油田4区主力缝洞单元S65与S48为研究对象,在归纳出缓慢出水型、突发上升型、间歇出水型等3种产水类型油井基础上,利用地震、钻井、测井等资料,结合生产动态特征进一步分析3种类型油井的产水机理。据此提出合理、有效的控水措施:缓慢出水型油井在单元低部位注水保持能量;突发上升型油井应考虑堵水、上返高部位侧钻;间歇出水型油井考虑关井压锥,堵水控制水窜范围和规模。措施效果明显,可指导该类油藏高效开发。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏水驱特征曲线研究

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏储集空间复杂,呈现出很强的非均质性和多尺度特征,除个别井水驱特征曲线呈现出砂岩油藏特征或单一直线段特征外,其余井水驱特征曲线多呈现出多直线段台阶状或不规则特征,因此不能直接对传统水驱特征曲线进行简单的应用。在对国内外常用的50 多条水驱特征曲线进行筛选的基础上,对桑南西缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏水驱特征曲线进行了选择应用,分析结果表明,对于缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏,需要根据分析应用情况的不同及与实际资料的相关性来选择应用水驱特征曲线。为了进一步完善缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏水驱特征曲线的选择应用,在此基础上对其水驱特征曲线应用相关事项作了补充。     

哈拉哈塘缝洞型油藏油井产水特征及机理分析

针对哈拉哈塘油田缝洞型油藏开发过程中油井见水普遍且治理难度大等问题,结合单井动静态特征,探讨了哈拉哈塘油田的产水特征及形成机理。分析认为,受产层段储层特征多变的影响,形成了多种含水类型。其中,含水波动型形成机理为：井段有多套产层,封存水沿非主力层突破,由于产出通道稳定,含水波动变化;含水缓慢-快速上升型形成机理为：产层段储层相对均质,地层水突破后随地层水产出通道的逐渐增多及相渗的增大,含水持续上升;含水突然上升型形成机理为：产层段纵向上非均质性严重,地层水沿主产通道突破,致含水突然（阶梯）上升。针对不同油藏特征及出水机理提出了相应的控水治水对策,效果明显。     

孔隙型小层间强非均质碳酸盐岩油藏注水优化方法

为改善伊拉克AHDEB复杂孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏Khasib层小层间强非均质性导致水平井注水水窜、波及体积较小等问题,在油藏注水突破机理研究基础上,进行了注采评价优化方法研究。依据水平井井轨迹纵向穿行储层及生产特征情况,划分了3类特征井,并根据其不同生产阶段的生产特征定义了5个评价指标：历史生产因子(IDH)、剩余储量因子(IDR)、生产潜力因子(IDF)、注水需求因子(IDI)和提液生产因子(IDE),建立了单井注水生产分级雷达综合评价图版,定量表征了水平井在不同生产阶段的生产能力,结合地层压力变化数据可实时指导油藏注水优化。结果表明,该图版可以合理评价Khasib层单井注水开发效果,单井调整后生产效果良好,研究结果为实施“一井一策”的差异化精细注水提供有力支持。     

三重介质油藏负表皮系数水平井瞬态压力的有效算法

为了更好地描述多尺度孔隙碳酸盐岩油藏的渗流特征,建立考虑多重窜流的三重介质油藏水平井不稳定试井模型,并对模型求解,绘制典型曲线。通过对水平井与直井在不稳定渗流早期流线特征的相似性分析,以及对不同表皮系数定义的正确区分,确定各表皮系数间的关系,进而引入水平井有效井径的概念。结果表明:多尺度孔隙碳酸盐岩油藏水平井开采下的渗流过程可能出现9个流动阶段;该方法与传统方法相比计算结果可靠,彻底解决了负表皮系数水平井瞬态压力计算的难题,适用范围广。     

顶板水越层窜流对煤层气藏生产动态的影响

煤层气的压裂增产过程中,压裂缝通常会延伸至顶板,顶板水的越层窜流对煤层气的生产动态存在较大影响。针对煤层气生产过程中的越层窜流问题,建立了煤层与顶板水体的两种连通模型,运用数值模拟方法研究了煤层气藏内的越层窜流对生产动态的影响,绘制了不同水源产水的无因次特征曲线,通过特征曲线判断了煤层气井的产水特征。研究发现,排采制度对煤层气产水规律影响较小;当顶板水体与煤层直接接触时,裂缝在顶板水中的穿透比会延长见气时间,裂缝一旦穿透顶板,穿透比对排采动态影响不大。对于存在泥质隔层的情况,产气上升过程存在两阶段特征;当穿透比小于1/6时,产气先快后慢;穿透比大于2/6时,产气先慢后快,且穿透比对排采规律影响较小。     

溶洞型碳酸盐岩油藏试井曲线特征及储层评价

碳酸盐岩油藏中钻遇溶洞型储层的油井是主要的产能贡献井,识别该类储层对开发碳酸盐岩油藏具有重要意义。首先分析了油井钻遇溶洞发育型储层的静态资料特征以及生产动态特征,通过对塔北地区大量钻遇洞穴油井试井曲线的研究,将溶洞型碳酸盐岩储层分为两大类:一是自身供液充足的大溶洞拟均质类,该类储层的试井曲线早期续流段长,径向流段未出现或是受边界影响晚期径向流段被掩盖;二是外区渗透性变差的溶洞复合油藏类,该类储层的试井曲线早期续流段长,晚期压力导数上翘,压力与压力导数曲线呈"三角形"。在此基础上建立了储层特征-生产动态特征-试井曲线特征对应关系,对利用试井曲线判断储层类型及类似油藏开发具有指导意义。     

AS油田WY区特低渗透油藏水淹层评价方法

AS油田WY区特低渗透油藏的原始地层水矿化度很高,长期注淡水开发导致油层的电阻率呈现不对称U型曲线特征,强水淹油层的电阻率甚至高于原始油层的电阻率。特低渗透油藏水淹规律的影响因素复杂以及受储层本身特征的影响,适合中、高渗储层剩余油评价测井方法不适用于特低渗透水淹层评价。在岩电实验的基础上,明确了特低渗透油藏淡水驱水淹层机理。即当注入淡水的电阻率大于地层水电阻率时,且当其比值足够大时,水淹层电阻率明显高于原始油层,即出现U型曲线现象。根据常规测井曲线及岩芯分析资料,通过地层水矿化度与自然电位幅度、电阻率、声波时差等测井曲线组合进行了水淹层定性识别,探讨了地层混合液电阻率的求取方法,建立了淡水驱水淹层的定量解释模型。解释结果与试油投产符合率达85%以上。     

井打在溶洞外的缝洞型油藏数值试井模型

 缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏多发育大尺度的溶洞和裂缝, 非均质性极强。这类油藏不能使用常规的连续介质理论描述。根据缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的特征, 结合地震、地质等资料, 建立了井未钻遇溶洞的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏数值试井物理数学模型。利用有限元方法对模型进行求解并绘制了试井样版曲线, 对影响井底压力动态的主要因素进行了分析。研究表明: 当井打在洞外时, 由于洞内的渗透性远优于洞外地层, 压力导数曲线后期出现明显下掉, 溶洞的尺寸主要影响压力导数曲线的下掉幅度。模型解释结果与实测数据对比分析表明, 该试井模型具有较高的预测精度, 能够为碳酸盐岩油藏的试井分析提供理论指导。     

塔河1区三叠系油藏水平井出水特征分析

塔河1区三叠系油藏是典型的边底水油藏,且以水平井开发为主。到了油藏开发后期,水平井出水的影响因素、含水上升快慢已经不再是单一因素作用的结果,应该是多种因素共同作用的结果,包括地质因素、工程因素。本文利用油藏工程方法,研究水平井不同出水特征的水驱曲线、水油比曲线、含水率对时间的导数曲线等出水特征曲线,探讨边底水油藏水平井与直井出水特征曲线的差异,根据曲线特征,形成不同出水特征判断方法,为治水选井提供依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~