CO2跨临界两级压缩制冷循环热力学分析

采用热力学方法对CO2跨临界两级制冷循环性能进行了分析，并与单级系统进行了对比。结果表明，采用两级压缩可提高CO2循环的COP，相同工作条件下，两级压缩与单级压缩系统相比，其COP可提高5％左右；一定的蒸发温度下，CO2循环的最佳冷却压力在9.0MPa左右；采用回热器在循环最佳冷却压力以下可大幅度提高系统性能，超过最佳冷却压力以后，对系统的改善很小；相同压缩终了压力下，两级压缩的排气温度可比单级压缩低18℃左右。     

带节能器的CO2跨临界循环制冷系统

为避免CO2跨临界循环运行因高低压差增大而导致压缩过程偏离等熵过程太远，减小CO2跨临界循环系统损失，提高系统性能并降低系统成本，采用带节能器的CO2跨临界制冷循环，对其热力学模型进行计算分析，并与基本带膨胀机循环进行对比．结果表明，不同于传统工质带节能器制冷循环的补气压力介于系统高压和低压之间，带节能器CO2跨临界制冷循环的补气压力应介于临界压力和低压之间；其制冷系数与膨胀机效率为0．6的系统性能相当；制冷性能随蒸发温度的升高而提升，随气体冷却器出口温度的升高而降低；相对补气压力对系统性能的影响较大，当相对补气压力为0．9～1．1时制冷性能较高，在较低蒸发温度下降低压缩机排气温度的优势明显．     

CO2跨临界双级压缩循环性能研究及理论分析

为了探索CO2跨临界双级循环系统性能提高的方法,基于热力学循环分析方法,对CO2跨临界双级压缩循环建立了数学模型,并进行了理论分析．结果表明：在分析的几种循环中,2个气体冷却器双级循环最优高压最高,带中间冷却器和膨胀机双级循环最优高压最低;低压缩机效率对整个循环性能的影响要比高压缩机效率更为显著;带中间冷却器的循环存在最佳质量分配比;随蒸发温度增加,带中间冷却器的循环要比2个气体冷却器的循环最优中间压力变化要小;气体冷却器出口温度对循环性能的影响,要比蒸发温度的影响大;相同条件下,2个气体冷却器带膨胀机双级循环和带中间冷却器和膨胀机双级循环性能最优,2个气体冷却器双级循环性能最差,膨胀机循环性能要普遍优于节流阀循环性能．     

R290/CO2蒸气压缩复叠式制冷系统实验

通过建立R290／CO2复叠式制冷系统实验台，对R290／CO2蒸气压缩复叠式制冷循环进行了实验研究，结果表明，CO2循环在较低温度下运行，黏性对CO2经过压缩机的性能影响较大，对流过管路的影响较小，CO2压缩机的压力比高于11290压缩机的压力比，但由于CO2压缩机由吸入的较低温度的工质冷却，CO2压缩机的排气温度低于11290压缩机的排气温度；CO2循环的能量损失较大，使得CO2循环的性能系数低于11290循环的性能系数．在CO2循环中可利用无吸排气阀的回转式压缩机，用膨胀机代替节流阀，以提高R290／CO2复叠式制冷循环的性能系数．     

不同跨临界二氧化碳制冷循环的性能比较

建立了CO2制冷循环各个部件的稳态仿真模型，对6种不同的跨临界CO2制冷循环进行了稳态仿真，衡量了吸气回热、回收膨胀功以及二级压缩等方式对系统性能的影响．结果表明，采用二级压缩并回收膨胀功可以大大提高系统的性能；只采用两级压缩而不回收膨胀功，对系统的性能并没有明显的改善；单级压缩时如果系统中带有膨胀机，采用吸气热交换器可以提高制冷量，但对性能系数(COP)值的影响不大；单级压缩不回收膨胀功时，采用吸气热交换器可以大大提高系统的制冷量和COP。     

CO_2跨临界双级压缩带中间冷却器系统

对双级压缩系统中间冷却器从理论上分析了带中间冷却器的双级压缩循环的性能规律.在给定的蒸发温度和气体冷却器出口温度下,系统存在最优的压缩机排气压力使得性能最优;同时在每一个压缩机排气压力下,也存在最优的中间压力使得系统性能最优;对比选择超临界CO2和亚临界CO2在管外、管内的换热及压降关联式,设计和模拟中间冷却器.建立带中间冷却器的双级压缩系统,通过实验探索此种双级压缩系统的规律,验证了带中间冷却器双级压缩系统最优压缩机排气压力和最优中间压力的存在以及在提高CO2跨临界循环性能的作用.利用自行设计的中间冷却器,在实验工况下,系统制冷性能系数可达2.5,制热性能系数为3.5.     

梯级回收发动机多品位余热的新型双朗肯联合循环

针对发动机排气、冷却水余热、汽轮机中膨胀后的工质乏气以及经过单级换热后的排气处于不同品位,提出了一种梯级回收发动机余热的新型双朗肯联合循环．此系统中两级循环均采用亚临界饱和循环．在第1级循环中,以水作为工质,没有预热循环,直接利用排气与其换热;在第2级循环中,以 R123作为工质,用发动机冷却水和第1级循环中汽轮机出口的工质乏气对 R123进行串联预热,预热后的工质与经过第1级换热后的排气再进行换热．结果表明：系统发出的净膨胀功和循环热效率随两级循环蒸发压力均是先增大后趋于平坦;当第1级循环蒸发压力大于12,MPa、第2级循环蒸发压力大于1.5,MPa时,净膨胀功和循环热效率增长不大．     

两相喷射器增压的二级压缩制冷系统性能分析

建立一维等面积两相喷射器热力学模型,改进传统的二级压缩系统,提出一种喷射器增压的二级压缩制冷系统.以R1234yf为制冷剂,采用能量分析模型,研究不同设计工况下喷射器的性能.结果表明:当蒸发温度升高时,系统的性能系数(COP)和喷射系数增大,喷射器升压比减小;当冷凝温度升高时,COP和喷射系数减小,喷射器升压比增大;当蒸发温度为0 ℃,冷凝温度为50 ℃时,COP随着中间温度的升高先增大后减小,且存在一个最优中间温度,系统性能提高率可达10%以上.     

极高环境温度下的两级空调系统研究

针对极高环境温度下单级空调制冷系统运行中存在着的诸如压缩机的压缩比大，换热器热负荷大，性能系数小以及经济性差问题，采用一级节流中间不完全冷却和一组节流中间完全冷却的两级制冷系统对单级制冷系统进行改进，使压缩机制气温度降低了10℃（一级节流中间不完全冷 却）或20℃（一级节流中间完全冷却），符合排气温度的要求，同时性能系数提高了15％，因而使压缩机功耗降低，达到了提高单位工质的制冷量并使性能系数最优的目标。     

利用喷射提高跨临界二氧化碳系统的性能

建立了跨临界二氧化碳蒸气压缩／喷射制冷循环中喷射器的数学模型，讨论了系统稳定运行时的蒸发温度、气体冷却器内压力及其出口温度、过热度等因素对系统性能的影响．结果表明，当工作流流量同扩压段出口蒸气流量相等时系统能够稳定运行．同时，升高蒸发温度能提高系统性能，但蒸气压缩／喷射循环相对简单循环性能系数的提高程度变小；气体冷却器内压力存在最优值，但降低压力能够增大系统性能的改善程度；升高气体冷却器出口温度会降低系统性能，但蒸气压缩／喷射循环相对简单循环性能系数的提高程度将先增大，然后迅速减小．与上述因素相比，过热度的影响很小．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.