泥河湾盆地末次间冰期气候变化的氧碳同位素记录

黄土－古土壤序列的研究表明，我国东部地区第四纪气候演变的总规律是干冷与湿暖的交替，但是，气候的变化是一个复杂的过程，在不同的时间和地点，气候的干，湿和冷，暖变化可能会出现不同的组合。根据泥河湾盆地晚更新世湖泊沉积物中所含碳酸盐的氧碳同位素研究，认为在末次间冰期（据今１３～７万年）。该区气候以干暖与湿冷的交替主要特征，这一发现将有助于加深对我国东部第四纪气候变化规律的认识。     

异常高温易发森林火灾

近几十年来,全球气温升高已成不争的事实,气候变暖导致极端恶劣天气不断卅现,在世界各地酿成了种种气象灾害。据不完全统计,2010年夏季,我国有400多个气象站点测出了当地历史上罕见的高温,不少地方卅现了几十年甚至百年一遇的极端高温。     

第四纪孢粉分析中古气温,古降水指数的计算方法

本文探讨如何应用孢粉分析提供的孢粉谱求取第四纪气温指数和降水指数等古气候指示参数的方法。文中不仅介绍了各概念的含义和计算原理，而且介绍了计算方法和修正计算值的方法，并以成都平原锦江一级阶地孢粉分析作为应用实例，论述了成都地区中晚全新世新世气候特征、学变过程和规律。     

吐鲁番地区水产养殖综合技术

<正>吐鲁番地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区东部,四周环山,为封闭式盆地,艾丁湖为吐鲁番的最低点。气候特征主要为:干燥少雨,夏季高温酷热,风大而频。吐鲁番地区季度平均温度夏季26.25℃,春季15.65℃,秋季12.02℃,冬季5.64℃。最高气温高于35℃平均为110-121天,超过40℃的平均天气时60-72天,超过45℃的极热日平均为7-8天。据吐鲁番的地理和气候情况,因地制宜的发展水产养殖是提高水产品产量和质量的关键。多年的探索和事件,鲤鱼的育苗繁育及成鱼养     

类火星的地貌,生命犹存 死亡谷之谜

正这里存在大自然的诸多难解之谜,也有人类活动留下的死亡故事。动人的生命也会在极端高温干旱中绽放一片花海。死亡谷是美国加利福尼亚州东部的国家公园,由于位于沙漠谷地,低于海平面282英尺,所以这个国家公园以干燥的荒漠而闻名。死亡谷气候之所以如此干燥,其中一个主要原因是内华达山、帕那敏山以及阿加斯山三座山形成了雨水屏障,由太平洋吹来的海风所带来的湿气几乎都没有办法进到谷内,让此地的降雨几率更是微乎其微。     

论古海面标志与华南沿海第四纪海面升降

本文通过对华南沿海第四纪地层、古生物、地貌等古海面遗迹以及第四纪以来海面变动过程的分析,认为华南沿海在晚冰期以前有过五次海侵,并与各次间冰期温暖气候相关。大理亚间冰期曾有过一次规模较小的海侵,之后发生大规模海退,全新世以来海面在持续上升中有过停顿或下降,五六年前有过高出现今海面的海侵。大理晚期以来的水动型海面变动在本区有明显的反映。     

中国气候演变史实研究进展及其对社会发展的基本影响

基于中国气候演变史实，综述了气候变化或气候波动主要特征及其对社会发展的基本影响。中国全新世可划分为早期增暖、中期温暖、晚期转冷三个阶段，其前两个阶段的明显暖湿性质对中华民族农业文明起源有举足轻重的沃土作用。中华五千年文明史演化进程与暖湿期/冷干期的更替轮回息息相关，政局稳定、经济繁荣的秦汉、隋唐、宋元时期气候温暖湿润，而战事不断、社会动荡的魏晋南北朝、晚唐及明清时期气候寒冷干燥。20世纪的中国全域气温增加趋势明显，降水量增减趋势不明朗；全球气候变化大背景对中国社会经济发展产生的总体影响是“利弊共存、弊大于利”。近40年来，全国气温波动中升高、降水区域分异加重、极端天气气候事件频发是主要特征；参与国际气候合作对社会进步提出了严峻挑战，但也为可持续发展战略实施提供了良好机遇。总之，中国气候演变作用于社会发展以促进为主、阻碍为辅。     

地球的韵律——谈气候脉动的自然机制及影响

文章试图通过对太阳周期性变化影响下的各类气候事件、小冰期、冰期——间冰期周期性气候脉动规律的均衡趋势及全球气温均衡规律的研究,揭示全球变暖对于全球繁荣的积极意义,以及全球变冷对于造成全球萧条及更加严重的人类文明终结的事实.而文章试图阐述全球变冷的消极意义对于全球的危害更加严重.     

英国CRU高分辨率格点资料揭示的近百年来青藏高原气温变化

利用英国East Anglia大学CRU高分辨率地面温度格点资料和EOF, REOF及线性趋势等方法,分析了青藏高原地面温度的时空分布特征及近百年来的变化趋势.结果表明:空间一致性是高原气温空间结构的主要特征,除此之外,高原气温在空间分布上还存在东西、南北反相结构.利用方差最大化旋转可将高原气温变化分为高原中部区、西部区、北部区、南部区及东部区.近百年来高原气温处于上升通道,气候倾向率约为0.07?C/10 a,经历了四次冷暖交替的时期:1901?1930年为冷期;1931?1950年为暖期,气温显著升高;1950年开始一直到1980年前后,高原气温总体变化比较平稳;而从1980年至今,高原的气温都处于快速上升的通道.高原气温的变化主要以准60年周期为主,同时还有30年准周期振荡,存在多个突变点.高原各个区域近百年来气温都处于上升状态,青藏高原中部区气候倾向率达0.065?C/10 a,西部区上升趋势最显著,气候倾向率达0.128?C/10 a,北部区为0.108?/10 a,南部区为0.015?/10 a,东部区为0.022?C/10 a,且大部分区域都通过α=0.01的信度检验.各区域有不同的温度变化特征,中部区和北部区相似,而东部区正负交替比较频繁.     

1951-2019年黄河流域极端气候事件时空变化规律分析

黄河流域是气候变化敏感区,频发极端气候事件对该区域生态系统和人类生活造成严重影响.准确理解黄河流域极端气候事件时空规律,能够为适应气候变化和流域生态环境保护提供重要的科学依据.基于1951-2019年黄河流域84个气象站的气温和降水数据,采用国际通用的极端气候事件指数,辅以回归分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验和小波分析等方法分析黄河流域极端气候事件时空变化特征.研究结果表明：(1)时序上,黄河流域极端低温事件指数呈下降趋势,高温事件指数、其他指数呈上升趋势;且极端气温指数多以55 a为主周期,而极端降水指数呈微弱上升趋势.(2)空间上,极端气温指数西北部有明显的下降趋势,东部上升趋势明显;极端降水指数东部、东南部呈下降趋势,南部、中部呈上升趋势.(3)黄河流域极端气候事件主要受自然和人为因素的影响,厄尔尼诺事件对其有一定的影响.     

中国西部绿化对东亚季风气候影响的数值模拟

中国西部大开发战略中的生态环境建设将在西部地区引起显著的地表覆盖变化。根据最新的全球地表特征数据库资料和21世纪初中国西部生态环境三大重点建设工程的具体规划，得出两种植被，即现实植被和虚拟植被。并利用RIEMS—TEA模式，通过一次敏感性试验，发现西部地区绿化明显影响东亚的季风系统和中国东部季风区气候。模拟试验显示，中国西部绿化会明显增强东亚夏季风，这将会加强中国东部由南向北的水汽输送，并有利于输送邻近海洋的水汽到大陆，使得中国大陆东部季风区整体出现降温、增湿和降水增加。而且，温度、湿度、气压和风速受影响的程度在垂直方向上都已超出了边界层之外。     

Stalagmite-inferred Holocene precipitation in northern Guizhou Province,China, and asynchronous termination of the Climatic Optimum in the Asian monsoon territory

An absolute-dated, bi-decadal-resolution, stalagmite oxygen-isotopic time series from Shigao Cave reveals the evolution of summer monsoon precipitation over the past 9.9 ka BP in northern Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The  18O-inferred climate conditions are divisible into three distinct stages: (1) a maximum humid era from 9.9-6.6 ka BP; (2) a gradual declining precipitation interval between 6.6-1.6 ka BP; and (3) a relatively low precipitation time window after 1.6 ka BP. Consistency of contemporaneous stalagmite Holocene 18O records between Shigao and other caves in the Indian and East Asian monsoon realms support the effect of primary orbital solar forcings on monsoonal precipitation. However, statistical analysis shows a significant spatial asynchroneity of the Holocene Optimum termination in the Asian monsoon territory. The Holocene Optimum ended at 7.2-7.4 ka BP in Oman, located in the Indian monsoon region, and at 5.6-5.8 ka BP in Central China, in the East Asian monsoon zone. In Southwest China, the termination occurred between these periods, at 6.6-7.0 ka BP, and was influenced by both monsoon systems. We propose that this spatially asynchronous ending of Holocene Optimum in Asia may be attributed to sea surface temperature changes in the western tropical Pacific, which is a primary moisture source for the East Asian monsoon.     

Homogeneous climate variability across East Antarctica over the past three glacial cycles

Recent ice core studies have raised the disturbing possibility that glacial-interglacial climate changes may be non-uniform across Antarctica. These findings have been confined to records from the Ross Sea sector of the continent, but significant deviations in other areas would call into question the widely assumed validity of the climate record obtained from Vostok, East Antarctica, on large spatial scales. Here we present an isotopic profile from a core drilled at Dome Fuji, situated 1,500 km from Vostok in a different sector of East Antarctica. The two records show remarkable similarities over the past three glacial cycles (the extent of the Dome Fuji record) in both large-amplitude changes, such as terminations, interglacials and interstadials and more subtle glacial events, even when the origin of precipitation is accounted for. Our results indicate that Antarctic climate is essentially homogeneous at the scale of the East Antarctic Plateau, possibly as a consequence of the symmetry of the plateau and the adjacent ocean.     

Simulation of the future change of East Asian monsoon climate using the IPCC SRES A2 and B2 scenarios

In this paper, we applied the newest emission scenarios of the sulfur and greenhouse gases, i.e. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2 scenarios, to investigating the change of the East Asian climate in the last three decades of the 21st century with an atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model. The global warming enlarges the land-sea thermal contrast and, hence, enhances (reduces) the East Asian summer (winter) monsoon circulation. The precipitation from the Yangtze and Huaihe river valley to North China increases significantly. In particular, the strong rainfall increase over North China implies that the East Asian rainy area would expand northward. In addition, from the southeastern coastal area to North China, the rainfall would increase significantly in September, implying that the rainy period of the East Asian monsoon would be prolonged about one month. In July, August and September, the interannual variability of the precipitation enhances evidently over North China, meaning a risk of flooding in the future.     

大厂凹陷MIS3阶段以来沉积物地球化学特征分析

深海氧同位素3-1阶段是指深海沉积物有孔虫氧同位素记录的第四纪末次冰期至冰后期的一个时期,期间气候表现为间冰阶、极端寒冷、多次千年尺度气候事件至最后转暖多个变化特征,相关气候变化沉积响应及影响因素等科学问题一直以来备受关注。然而,该时期相关千年尺度气候事件的记录及讨论在华北平原地区仍有争议,为探讨华北平原西北地区在该阶段的气候特征,本研究在大厂凹陷区天然剖面进行高密度碳14断代样品测试,并开展常量和微量元素地球化学含量分析,获得地球化学数据变化趋势特征,结果表明,该剖面年代从32.5ka至8.2 ka,处于深海氧同位素3阶段末期至深海氧同位素1阶段早期。在该时段,主量元素氧化物TFe2O3、Al2O3、SiO2、MgO、CaO、Na2O与K2O与微量元素Sr、V、Ni、Co、Ga、Cu、Ba、Cr和Zn均呈现一致的变化趋势;在MIS2末次冰盛期和MIS1早期中的B?lling-Aller?d暖期和新仙女木冷期,K/Na、Al/Na、化学蚀变指数 、化学风化指数 和古温度等指标与东亚季风区气候呈现一致的变化,同时与全球尺度的事件具有同步性,因此认为晚更新世晚期华北平原的气候变化可归因于全球气候系统下东亚季风区的演化。     

East Asian monsoon change for the 21st century: Results of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models

Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.     

Interconnections between the Asian monsoon, ENSO, and high northern latitude climate during the Holocene

The International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP), which promotes better understanding of the living environment, was initiated in the early 1990s. IGBP and other programs have uncovered much evi-dence that the Earth system is complex and nonlinear, ex…     

Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day

Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450?C1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pattern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400?C1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance.     

Palaeoclimate simulation of Little Ice Age

Promotedbytheinternationalresearch projectsofPAGESandCLIVAR ,thestudiesonclimaticandenvironmentalchangesinthepast 2 0 0 0yearshavedrawntheattentionofgeologistsandpalaeoclimato logistsallovertheworld[1,2 ] .AmongthemthecoldeventoftheLittleIceAge (LIA)isparticularlythemostattractiveone[3～ 10 ] ,whichisthenearesttypicalcoldperiodintheglobalrangefrommodernage ,andhadaprofoundimpactuponhumansociety[11] .Addi tionally ,moreknowledgeaboutthecauseoforiginanddynamicmechanismofLIAmayenrichandpe…     

Response of the East Asian climate system to water and heat changes of global frozen soil using NCAR CAM model

Under the condition of land-atmosphere heat and water conservation, a set of sensitive numerical experiments are set up to investigate the response of the East Asian climate system to global frozen soil change. This is done by introducing the supercooled soil water process into the Community Land Model (CLM3.0), which has been coupled to the National Center of Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3.1). Results show that:(1) The ratio between soil ice and soil water in CLM3.0 is clearly changed by the supercooled soil water process. Ground surface temperature and soil temperature are also affected. (2) The Eurasian (including East Asian) climate system is sensitive to changes of heat and water in frozen soil regions. In January, the Aleutian low sea level pressure circulation is strengthened, Ural blocking high at 500 hPa weakened, and East Asian trough weakened. In July, sea level pressure over the Aleutian Islands region is significantly reduced; there are negative anomalies of 500 hPa geopotential height over the East Asian mainland, and positive anomalies over the East Asian ocean. (3) In January, the southerly component of the 850 hPa wind field over East Asia increases, indicating a weakened winter monsoon. In July, cyclonic anomalies appear on the East Asian mainland while there are anticyclonic anomalies over the ocean, reflective of a strengthened east coast summer monsoon. (4) Summer rainfall in East Asia changed significantly, including substantial precipitation increase on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, central Yangtze River Basin, and northeast China. Summer rainfall significantly decreased in south China and Hainan Island, but slightly decreased in central and north China. Further analysis showed considerable upper air motion along ~30°N latitude, with substantial descent of air at its north and south sides. Warm and humid air from the Northeast Pacific converged with cold air from northern land areas, representing the main cause of the precipitation anomalies.